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NATURE OF COMMERCE Commerce plays a vital role in the economic development of a country. It involves the exchange of goods and services and helps in connecting producers and consumers. The nature of commerce can be understood by studying the following characteristics: Commerce is Scientific Commerce is considered a science because it is based on…
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SCOPE OF COMMERCE Commerce is a broad and dynamic field that plays a vital role in the smooth functioning of modern economies. It involves the activities that help in the exchange of goods and services between producers and consumers. THEORETICAL OR ACADEMIC SCOPE Elements of Commerce The scope of commerce includes various elements that support…
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MEANING AND OF FEATURES OF COMMERCE Commerce is a wide term that refers to all those activities which help in the exchange of goods and services from producers to consumers. It includes not just buying and selling, but also transportation, storage, banking, insurance, advertising, and communication — basically, all services that support trade. Commerce is…
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MEANING AND CURRICULUM OBJECTIVES Curriculum is an important facet of any education. It is not achievement of aims but a source to achieve educational aims. Curriculum suggests learner about the specific and minimum boundaries of learning. It encourages learners and teachers to complete course within time limits. Good curriculum emphasise wholistic development of learner than…
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FEATURES OF TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT IN EDUCATION Meaning of Total Quality Management in Education Total Quality Management (TQM) is a management strategy aimed at embedding awareness of quality in all organizational processes. In the context of education, TQM focuses on improving the effectiveness, efficiency, flexibility, and competitiveness of educational institutions. It involves a commitment from…
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RECENT TRENDS IN SCHOOL ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT In recent years, educational institutions have witnessed a significant shift in the way they are organized and managed. This transformation is driven by the need to adapt to the evolving educational demands, technological advancements, and global influences. Modern school organization and management have moved away from traditional, teacher-centered…
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PRINCIPLES OF SCHOOL ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT The principles of school organization and management are crucial for fostering a democratic, effective, and harmonious educational environment. These principles encourage shared responsibility, equality, freedom, and cooperation, ensuring that everyone—staff, students, and administrators—works together to achieve common goals. The principles of school organization and management are as follows: 1….
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Functions of School Organization and Management The primary function of school organization and management is to ensure the optimal utilization of human and material resources within the school system, aiming for the effective achievement of educational objectives. Researchers in educational administration have provided various perspectives on the functions of school management, which are outlined below….
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NEED AND IMPORTANCE OF SCHOOL ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT Schools are vital institutions established for the betterment of society. Often referred to as a miniature form of society, schools operate in a formal, pre-planned environment designed to fulfill educational objectives and foster societal development. The significance of school organization and management lies in its ability to…
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12 CHARACTERISTICS OR FEATURES OR NATURE OF SCHOOL MANAGEMENT School management refers to the process of planning, organizing, directing, and controlling the activities and resources of a school to achieve its educational goals efficiently and effectively. It encompasses various functions, roles, and responsibilities performed by administrators, principals, teachers, and other stakeholders to ensure the smooth…
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