{"id":6878,"date":"2023-03-15T06:12:41","date_gmt":"2023-03-15T06:12:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/?p=6878"},"modified":"2023-03-16T06:04:18","modified_gmt":"2023-03-16T06:04:18","slug":"introduction-to-operations-research","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/introduction-to-operations-research\/","title":{"rendered":"INTRODUCTION TO OPERATIONS RESEARCH &#8211; PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS GNDU"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_71 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/introduction-to-operations-research\/#INTRODUCTION_TO_OPERATIONS_RESEARCH_%E2%80%93_PREVIOUS_YEAR_QUESTIONS_GNDU\" title=\"INTRODUCTION TO OPERATIONS RESEARCH &#8211; PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS GNDU\">INTRODUCTION TO OPERATIONS RESEARCH &#8211; PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS GNDU<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-5' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-5'><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-5' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-5'><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-5' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-5'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/introduction-to-operations-research\/#OPERATIONS_RESEARCH\" title=\"OPERATIONS RESEARCH\">OPERATIONS RESEARCH<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-5'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/introduction-to-operations-research\/#FEATURES_CHARACTERISTICS_NATURE_OF_OPERATIONS_RESEARCH\" title=\"FEATURES\/ CHARACTERISTICS\/ NATURE OF OPERATIONS RESEARCH\">FEATURES\/ CHARACTERISTICS\/ NATURE OF OPERATIONS RESEARCH<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/introduction-to-operations-research\/2\/#INTRODUCTION_TO_OPERATIONS_RESEARCH_%E2%80%93_PREVIOUS_YEAR_QUESTIONS_GNDU-2\" title=\"INTRODUCTION TO OPERATIONS RESEARCH &#8211; PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS GNDU\">INTRODUCTION TO OPERATIONS RESEARCH &#8211; PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS GNDU<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-5' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-5'><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-5' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-5'><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-5' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-5'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/introduction-to-operations-research\/2\/#OPERATIONS_RESEARCH-2\" title=\"OPERATIONS RESEARCH\">OPERATIONS RESEARCH<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-5'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/introduction-to-operations-research\/2\/#METHODOLOGY_OF_OPERATIONS_RESEARCH\" title=\"METHODOLOGY OF OPERATIONS RESEARCH\">METHODOLOGY OF OPERATIONS RESEARCH<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/introduction-to-operations-research\/3\/#INTRODUCTION_TO_OPERATIONS_RESEARCH_%E2%80%93_PREVIOUS_YEAR_QUESTIONS_GNDU-3\" title=\"INTRODUCTION TO OPERATIONS RESEARCH &#8211; PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS GNDU\">INTRODUCTION TO OPERATIONS RESEARCH &#8211; PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS GNDU<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-5' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-5'><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-5' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-5'><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-5' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-5'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/introduction-to-operations-research\/3\/#OPERATIONS_RESEARCH-3\" title=\"OPERATIONS RESEARCH\">OPERATIONS RESEARCH<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-5'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/introduction-to-operations-research\/3\/#CHARACTERISTICS_OF_OPERATIONS_RESEARCH\" title=\"CHARACTERISTICS OF OPERATIONS RESEARCH\">CHARACTERISTICS OF OPERATIONS RESEARCH<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-5'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/introduction-to-operations-research\/3\/#SCOPE_OF_OPERATIONS_RESEARCH\" title=\"SCOPE OF OPERATIONS RESEARCH\">SCOPE OF OPERATIONS RESEARCH<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/introduction-to-operations-research\/4\/#INTRODUCTION_TO_OPERATIONS_RESEARCH_%E2%80%93_PREVIOUS_YEAR_QUESTIONS_GNDU-4\" title=\"INTRODUCTION TO OPERATIONS RESEARCH &#8211; PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS GNDU\">INTRODUCTION TO OPERATIONS RESEARCH &#8211; PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS GNDU<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-5' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-5'><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-5' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-5'><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-5' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-5'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/introduction-to-operations-research\/4\/#OPERATIONS_RESEARCH-4\" title=\"OPERATIONS RESEARCH\">OPERATIONS RESEARCH<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-5'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/introduction-to-operations-research\/4\/#IMPORTANCE_OR_ROLE_OF_OPERATIONS_RESEARCH\" title=\"IMPORTANCE OR ROLE OF OPERATIONS RESEARCH\">IMPORTANCE OR ROLE OF OPERATIONS RESEARCH<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-5'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/introduction-to-operations-research\/4\/#Areas_of_application\" title=\"Areas of application:\">Areas of application:<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-15\" href=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/introduction-to-operations-research\/5\/#INTRODUCTION_TO_OPERATIONS_RESEARCH_%E2%80%93_PREVIOUS_YEAR_QUESTIONS_GNDU-5\" title=\"INTRODUCTION TO OPERATIONS RESEARCH &#8211; PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS GNDU\">INTRODUCTION TO OPERATIONS RESEARCH &#8211; PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS GNDU<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-5' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-5'><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-5' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-5'><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-5' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-5'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-16\" href=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/introduction-to-operations-research\/5\/#The_various_mathematical_techniques_are_as_follows\" title=\"The various mathematical techniques are as follows:\">The various mathematical techniques are as follows:<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-17\" href=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/introduction-to-operations-research\/6\/#INTRODUCTION_TO_OPERATIONS_RESEARCH_%E2%80%93_PREVIOUS_YEAR_QUESTIONS_GNDU-6\" title=\"INTRODUCTION TO OPERATIONS RESEARCH &#8211; PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS GNDU\">INTRODUCTION TO OPERATIONS RESEARCH &#8211; PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS GNDU<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-5' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-5'><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-5' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-5'><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-5' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-5'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-18\" href=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/introduction-to-operations-research\/6\/#FEATURES_CHARACTERISTICS_NATURE_OF_OPERATIONS_RESEARCH-2\" title=\"FEATURES\/ CHARACTERISTICS\/ NATURE OF OPERATIONS RESEARCH\">FEATURES\/ CHARACTERISTICS\/ NATURE OF OPERATIONS RESEARCH<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-5'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-19\" href=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/introduction-to-operations-research\/6\/#LIMITATIONS_OF_OPERATIONS_RESEARCH\" title=\"LIMITATIONS OF OPERATIONS RESEARCH\">LIMITATIONS OF OPERATIONS RESEARCH<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2 class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-heading\" id=\"introduction-to-operations-research-previous-year-questions-gndu\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"INTRODUCTION_TO_OPERATIONS_RESEARCH_%E2%80%93_PREVIOUS_YEAR_QUESTIONS_GNDU\"><\/span>INTRODUCTION TO OPERATIONS RESEARCH &#8211; PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS GNDU<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"define-operations-research-describe-the-characteristics-and-limitations\"><strong>Define Operations Research? Describe the characteristics and limitations.<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-heading\" id=\"operations-research\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"OPERATIONS_RESEARCH\"><\/span><strong>OPERATIONS RESEARCH<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p>Operations research is the application of scientific method to problem arising from operation involving integrated system of men, machine and material. It normally utilises the knowledge and skills of an inter-disciplinary research team to provide the management of such system with optimum operating solution.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>ACCORDING TO HM WAGNER<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cOperations Research is a scientific approach to problem solving for execution management.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>ACCORDING TO THOMAS L SATTY<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cOperations research is the art of giving bad answers to problems to which, otherwise worst answers are given.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Thus, Operations research is the application of modern methods of mathematical science to complex problems involving management of large system of man, machines and money in industry, business, government and defence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-heading\" id=\"features-characteristics-nature-of-operations-research\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"FEATURES_CHARACTERISTICS_NATURE_OF_OPERATIONS_RESEARCH\"><\/span><strong>FEATURES\/ CHARACTERISTICS\/ NATURE OF OPERATIONS RESEARCH<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"901\" height=\"526\" src=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/image.png\" alt=\"INTRODUCTION TO OPERATIONS RESEARCH- FEATURES OF OPERATIONS RESEARCH\" class=\"wp-image-6882\" srcset=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/image.png 901w, https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/image-300x175.png 300w, https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/image-768x448.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 901px) 100vw, 901px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">INTRODUCTION TO OPERATIONS RESEARCH &#8211; FEATURES OF OPERATIONS RESEARCH<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>System Orientation: <\/strong>Operations research is a system oriented scientific approach. It studies the problem as a whole and provides the solution that is to be applied on whole system or organisation. But in real world, the one thing optimum for one department may not be optimum for another department. So while deriving at the solution, one must take into account all possible interactions of all the departments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Inter-disciplinary Team approach: <\/strong>According to Ackoff and Saieni \u201cOperations research is the application of scientific method by inter-disciplinary team\u2019s problems involving the control of organised system as to provide solutions which best serve the purpose of the organisation as a whole.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>So, Operations research is inter-disciplinary in approach. It requires the knowledge of allied discipline like statistics, engineering, economics, management, computer science and so on. Operations research\u2019s team brings the latest scientific know how to analyse the problems and helps in providing better results.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Scientific Approach: <\/strong>According to morse and Kimball, \u201cOperations Research is a scientific method of providing executive departments with a quantitative basis for decisions regarding the operations under their control.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>So, operations research is a proper scientific approach to solve the complex business problems. The scientific methods in Operations Research consists of three phases:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em><u>Judgement Phase<\/u><\/em>: This phase consists of:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em><u>Research Phase: <\/u><\/em>This phase utilises:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em><u>Action Phase: <\/u><\/em>It consists of making recommendations for the decision process by those who first posed the problem for consideration or by anyone in a position to make a decision influencing the operation in which the problems occurred.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Decision Making: <\/strong>Operations Research is an optimal decision-making science which helps the management to make better decisions in time. Decision making can be improved and in fact the headache of management can be cured by using the scientific methods of the Operations research to take the decisions. The main features of all decisions are:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The objective should be clear and un-ambiguous. This helps to take proper decisions. Next, various possible alternatives should be studied along with the constraints imposed on each alternative. The scientific operation research methods helps to take best possible action.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Use of Computer: <\/strong>Operation research often requires a computer to solve the complex mathematical model or to perform large number of computations that are involved.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Use of a digital computer has become an integral part of the Operations Research approach to decision-making.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Objectives: <\/strong>The goals or objectives of the organisation provides a base to the future course of action. Operations research attempts to find out the best and optimal solution to the problem on the basis of the objectives set. The proper analysis of objectives helps in deciding the best alternatives.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Quantitative Solution: <\/strong>According to EL Arnoff and MJ Netzong, \u201c Operations Research is the systematic method oriented study of the basis structure, characteristics, functions and relationships of the organization decision making to provide the executive with sound, scientific and quantitative basis for decision making.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The above definition clearly states that the solutions derived by applying the Operations methods and techniques are quantitative in nature as all the techniques applied are mathematical.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Operations research attempts to provide a systematic and rational approach for quantitative solutions to the various managerial problems.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<!--nextpage-->\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-post-title\">INTRODUCTION TO OPERATIONS RESEARCH &#8211; PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS GNDU<\/h2>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"define-operations-research-explain-the-methodology-of-operations-research\"><strong>Define Operations Research? Explain the methodology of Operations research.<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-heading\" id=\"operations-research-1\"><strong>OPERATIONS RESEARCH<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p>Operations research is the application of scientific method to problem arising from operation involving integrated system of men, machine and material. It normally utilises the knowledge and skills of an inter-disciplinary research team to provide the management of such system with optimum operating solution.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>ACCORDING TO HM WAGNER<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cOperations Research is a scientific approach to problem solving for execution management.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>ACCORDING TO THOMAS L SATTY<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cOperations research is the art of giving bad answers to problems to which, otherwise worst answers are given.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Thus, Operations research is the application of modern methods of mathematical science to complex problems involving management of large system of man, machines and money in industry, business, government, and defence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-heading\" id=\"methodology-of-operations-research\"><strong>METHODOLOGY OF OPERATIONS RESEARCH<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><\/td><td><strong>PROCESS STEPS<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>PROCESS ACTIVITIES<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>PROCESS OUTPUT<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Step 1:<\/strong><\/td><td>Observe the problem environment<\/td><td>Visits Conferences Observations research<\/td><td>Sufficient information and support to proceed.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Step 2:<\/strong><\/td><td>Define and analyse the problem<\/td><td>Define objectives Define limitations<\/td><td>Nature of solution required<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Step 3:<\/strong><\/td><td>Develop a model<\/td><td>Define inter-relationships. Formulate equations. Use known OR models. Search alternate model.<\/td><td>Model that work under stated environmental constraints.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Step 4:<\/strong><\/td><td>Select appropriate data input<\/td><td>Analyse internal- external data. Analyse fact. Collect opinions. Use computer data banks.<\/td><td>Sufficient inputs to operate and test model.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Step 5&amp; 6:<\/strong><\/td><td>Provide a solution qualified the model.<\/td><td>Test the model. Final limitations. Update the model. Resolve the behavioural issues.<\/td><td>Solutions that support current organisational objectives. Improves working.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Step 7:<\/strong><\/td><td>Implement the solution<\/td><td>Sell the idea and give explanations. Get management involved.<\/td><td>Management support for long run operations of model.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">METHODOLOGY OF OPERATIONS RESEARCH<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\" type=\"1\">\n<li><strong><u>Observe the problem environment: <\/u><\/strong>This is the first step in the methodology of the Operations research. The researcher should come to know about the environment in which the problem prevails. He can do so by paying visits, attending educational conferences and doing some kind of research work. More the understanding of the problem, more the chances to get optimal solution to the problem.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Analysis and dealing the problem:<\/u><\/strong> After analysing the problem environment, the researcher should analyse the problem and define it in clear terms. All the factors affecting the problem directly and indirectly should be taken into consideration.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>The in-depth analysis of the problem helps in the proper understanding and this contributes towards finding the best solution for the problem.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Example: Suppose a manager notice that a reduction in sales volume is causing a fall in the profit of the current year. The operations researcher has been asked to analyse the problem.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Now the Operations researcher analyse the company\u2019s product prices and promotions. He discovers that promotion is the main problem area. He must investigate the various variables responsible for reduced sales. The culprit could be:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Amount of money spent<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The media used<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The timings<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Or any combination of these.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>3. <strong><u>Developing a model: <\/u><\/strong>Once the project is approved, the next step is o develop a model. The model is developed to show the situations under study. It also shows the relations and inter-relations among various elements.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The model is developed after considering the various constraints and factors affecting elements of the model.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The model should be attested by the management after the completion or it may be modified on its failure to give best solution.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>4. <strong><u>Collecting data required by the model: \u2018<\/u><\/strong>Garbage in and garbage out\u2019 is the famous saying. It means if the data is inappropriate then the model built on the basis of that data will also be inappropriate. So, the data should be collected very cautiously. The data may be collected from either primary or secondary source. This means the researchers should conduct fresh research to get the data or should approach the historical records.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>5. Coming up with a solution: <\/u><\/strong>Once the data is collected related to the problem, the next step is to solve the model and coming up with a solution. Usually, the operations researcher takes simplified assumptions and solutions generally will work under such assumptions. Therefore, once Operations research has given a solution, the inputs should be changed\/ altered to get to know about the change in the output.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The researcher should also apply the sensitivity test to know the magnitude and directions of output.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>6. <strong><u>Qualifying the models and solutions: <\/u><\/strong>The findings of the problem should be presented to the management by the operations researcher. It is the duty of the researcher:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>To explain the findings.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>To state the assumptions under which the solution will be feasible.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Techniques applied to generate the results.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Weaknesses of the model etc.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>7. <strong><u>Implement the solution: <\/u><\/strong>Once the solution is found out, it is the duty of the management to implement the solution by taking care of the risks associated with it. This stage involves various kinds of behavioural issues.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<!--nextpage-->\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-post-title\">INTRODUCTION TO OPERATIONS RESEARCH &#8211; PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS GNDU<\/h2>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"define-operations-research-and-explain-its-main-characteristics-also-give-examples-to-highlight-the-scope-of-the-operations-research\"><strong>Define Operations research and explain its main characteristics? Also give examples to highlight the scope of the operations research?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-heading\" id=\"operations-research-2\"><strong>OPERATIONS RESEARCH<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p>Operations research is the application of scientific method to problem arising from operation involving integrated system of men, machine and material. It normally utilises the knowledge and skills of an inter-disciplinary research team to provide the management of such system with optimum operating solution.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>ACCORDING TO HM WAGNER<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cOperations Research is a scientific approach to problem solving for execution management.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>ACCORDING TO THOMAS L SATTY<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cOperations research is the art of giving bad answers to problems to which, otherwise worst answers are given.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Thus, Operations research is the application of modern methods of mathematical science to complex problems involving management of large system of man, machines and money in industry, business, government, and defence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-heading\" id=\"characteristics-of-operations-research\"><strong>CHARACTERISTICS OF OPERATIONS RESEARCH<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"901\" height=\"526\" src=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/image-1.png\" alt=\"INTRODUCTION TO OPERATIONS RESEARCH- FEATURES OF OPERATIONS RESEARCH\" class=\"wp-image-6883\" srcset=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/image-1.png 901w, https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/image-1-300x175.png 300w, https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/image-1-768x448.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 901px) 100vw, 901px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">INTRODUCTION TO OPERATIONS RESEARCH- CHARACTERISTICS OR FEATURES OF OPERATIONS RESEARCH<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>System Orientation: <\/strong>Operations research is a system oriented scientific approach. It studies the problem as a whole and provides the solution that is to be applied on whole system or organisation. But in real world, the one thing optimum for one department may not be optimum for another department. So while deriving at the solution, one must take into account all possible interactions of all the departments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Inter-disciplinary Team approach: <\/strong>According to Ackoff and Saieni \u201cOperations research is the application of scientific method by inter-disciplinary team\u2019s problems involving the control of organised system as to provide solutions which best serve the purpose of the organisation as a whole.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>So, Operations research is inter-disciplinary in approach. It requires the knowledge of allied discipline like statistics, engineering, economics, management, computer science and so on. Operations research\u2019s team brings the latest scientific know how to analyse the problems and helps in providing better results.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Scientific Approach: <\/strong>According to morse and Kimball, \u201cOperations Research is a scientific method of providing executive departments with a quantitative basis for decisions regarding the operations under their control.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>So, operations research is a proper scientific approach to solve the complex business problems. The scientific methods in Operations Research consists of three phases:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em><u>Judgement Phase<\/u><\/em>: This phase consists of:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Determination of operations<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Establishment of objective and values related to the business.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Determination of the suitable measures of effectiveness.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Formulation of the problems relative to the objectives.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><em><u>Research Phase: <\/u><\/em>This phase utilises:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Operations and data collection for a better understanding of the problem.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Formulation of hypothesis and model.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Observation and experimentation to test the hypothesis of the available information and verification of the hypothesis using pre-established measure of effectiveness.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Prediction of various results from the hypothesis.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Generalisation of the various results and consideration of alternative methods.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><em><u>Action Phase: <\/u><\/em>It consists of making recommendations for the decision process by those who first posed the problem for consideration or by anyone in a position to make a decision influencing the operation in which the problems occurred.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Decision Making: <\/strong>Operations Research is an optimal decision-making science which helps the management to make better decisions in time. Decision making can be improved and in fact the headache of management can be cured by using the scientific methods of the Operations research to take the decisions. The main features of all decisions are:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Objectives<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Alternatives<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Constraints<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>The objective should be clear and un-ambiguous. This helps to take proper decisions. Next, various possible alternatives should be studied along with the constraints imposed on each alternative. The scientific operation research methods helps to take best possible action.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Use of Computer: <\/strong>Operation research often requires a computer to solve the complex mathematical model or to perform large number of computations that are involved.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Use of a digital computer has become an integral part of the Operations Research approach to decision-making.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Objectives: <\/strong>The goals or objectives of the organisation provides a base to the future course of action. Operations research attempts to find out the best and optimal solution to the problem on the basis of the objectives set. The proper analysis of objectives helps in deciding the best alternatives.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Quantitative Solution: <\/strong>According to EL Arnoff and MJ Netzong, \u201c Operations Research is the systematic method oriented study of the basis structure, characteristics, functions and relationships of the organization decision making to provide the executive with sound, scientific and quantitative basis for decision making.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The above definition clearly states that the solutions derived by applying the Operations methods and techniques are quantitative in nature as all the techniques applied are mathematical.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Operations research attempts to provide a systematic and rational approach for quantitative solutions to the various managerial problems.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-heading\" id=\"scope-of-operations-research\"><strong>SCOPE OF OPERATIONS RESEARCH<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p>Wherever there is a problem of optimization, there is a scope of operations research. It is as follows:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"900\" height=\"529\" src=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/image-2.png\" alt=\"INTRODUCTION TO OPERATIONS RESEARCH - SCOPE OF OPERATIONS RESEARCH\" class=\"wp-image-6884\" srcset=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/image-2.png 900w, https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/image-2-300x176.png 300w, https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/image-2-768x451.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">INTRODUCTION TO OPERATIONS RESEARCH &#8211; SCOPE OF OPERATIONS RESEARCH<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\" type=\"1\">\n<li><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\" type=\"1\">\n<li><strong><u>Finance, budgeting and investments:<\/u><\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Cash flow analysis, long range capital requirements, investment portfolios, dividend policies etc.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Credit policies, credit risks and the delinquent account produces- claim and complaint procedures.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Break even analysis, capital budgeting, cost allocation and control and financial planning.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Establishing costs for by-products and developing standard costs.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Purchasing, procurement and exploration:<\/u><\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Determining the quantity and timing of purchases of raw materials, machinery etc.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Rules for buying and supplying under varying prices.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Bidding policies.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Equipment replacement policies.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Determination of quantities and timings of purchase.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Strategies for exploration and exploitation of new material sources.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Vendor analysis<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Transportation planning<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Production management:<\/u><\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Physical distribution:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Location and size of warehouse distribution centres, retail outlets etc.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Distribution policy.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Manufacturing and facility planning:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Production scheduling and sequencing.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Project scheduling and allocation of resources.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Number and location of factories, warehouses, hospitals, and their sizes.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Determining the optimum product mix.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Manufacturing:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Maintenance policies and preventive maintenance.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Maintenance of new sizes.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Marketing management:<\/u><\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Product selection, timing, competitive actions.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Advertising strategy and choice of different media of advertising.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Number of salesmen, frequency of calling of accounts etc.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Effectiveness of market research.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Size and the stock to meet the future demand.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Personnel management:<\/u><\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Recruitment policies and assignment of job.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Negotiation in bargaining situation.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Skills and wages balancing.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Wage\/ salary administration.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Designing organisation structure more effectively.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Techniques and general management:<\/u><\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Decision support system and MIS (Management Information System) forecasting.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Making quality control more effective.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Project management and strategic planning.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Government:<\/u><\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Economic planning, natural resource, social planning, and energy.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Urban and rural housing problems.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Military, police, pollution control etc.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Research and development<\/u><\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Determination of areas of concentration of research and development.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Reliability and evaluation of alternative designs.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Control of developed projects.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Coordination of multiple research projects.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Determination of time and cost requirements<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>EXAMPLES\/ CASES<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>In 2013, Dutch Delta Program Commission used mixed integer programming to derive an optimal investment strategy for strengthening dikes for protection against high water and keeping freshwater supplies up to standard resulting in savings of 8 billion euros in investment costs.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>In 2012, TNT Express developed a portfolio of multi-commodity and vehicle routing models for package and vehicle routing and scheduling, planning to pick-up and delivering and supply chain optimization for its operations across 200 countries using 2600 facilities, 30,000 road vehicles and 50 aircrafts resulting in the savings of 207 million euros over the period of 2008-2011 and reduction in the carbon emissions by 283 million kilograms.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>In 2010, Mexico\u2019s Central Security Depository, INDEVAL, used linear programming to develop a secure and automatic clearing and settlement engine to determine the set of transactions that can settled to maximize the number of traded securities, thereby efficiently processing transactions averaging 250 billion dollars daily and optimally using available cash and security balance.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<!--nextpage-->\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-post-title\">INTRODUCTION TO OPERATIONS RESEARCH &#8211; PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS GNDU<\/h2>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"what-is-operations-research-discuss-the-growing-importance-of-operations-research-in-business-decision-making\"><strong>What is operations research? Discuss the growing importance of operations research in business decision making.<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-heading\" id=\"operations-research-3\"><strong>OPERATIONS RESEARCH<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p>Operations research is the application of scientific method to problem arising from operation involving integrated system of men, machine and material. It normally utilises the knowledge and skills of an inter-disciplinary research team to provide the management of such system with optimum operating solution.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>ACCORDING TO HM WAGNER<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cOperations Research is a scientific approach to problem solving for execution management.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>ACCORDING TO THOMAS L SATTY<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cOperations research is the art of giving bad answers to problems to which, otherwise worst answers are given.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Thus, Operations research is the application of modern methods of mathematical science to complex problems involving management of large system of man, machines and money in industry, business, government, and defence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-heading\" id=\"importance-or-role-of-operations-research\"><strong>IMPORTANCE OR ROLE OF OPERATIONS RESEARCH<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p>Operations research is an optimal decision- making science which help the management to make better decisions in time. Decision making can be improved an in fact, the headache of management can be cured by using scientific method of Operations research to take decisions. The main characteristics of all the decisions are:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Objectives<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Alternatives<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Constraints<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>The objectives should be clear and unambiguous. This helps to take proper decisions. The scientific Operations research\u2019s methods help to take best possible action.&nbsp; &nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The importance of Operations research is as follows:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"960\" height=\"634\" src=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/image-3.png\" alt=\"INTRODUCTION TO OPERATIONS RESEARCH - IMPORTANCE OR ROLE OF OPERATIONS RESEARCH\" class=\"wp-image-6886\" srcset=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/image-3.png 960w, https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/image-3-300x198.png 300w, https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/image-3-768x507.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 960px) 100vw, 960px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">INTRODUCTION TO OPERATIONS RESEARCH &#8211; IMPORTANCE OR ROLE OF OPERATIONS RESEARCH<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Maintaining better control: <\/u><\/strong>Managers use techniques of operations research to maintain better control over their subordinate. This is possible because Operations Research provide a basis in which to establish standards of performance and ways to measure productivity. Reporting deviations from the standards enables managers to identify problem areas and to take corrective actions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Better decision making: <\/u><\/strong>The mathematical models of Operations research allows people to analyse a greater number of alternatives and constraints that would usually be possible, if they were to use only and only intuitive approach. Using operations research, it is easier to analyse multiple alternatives which results in greater confidence in the optimal choice.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Better coordination of departments: <\/u><\/strong>Operations research blends together the objectives of different departments. For example: Operations research coordinates the aims of the marketing department with the schedules of the production department.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Increased business productivity: <\/u><\/strong>The mathematical formulae used in operations research can increase productivity as they offer a great number of optimal choices of inventory mix, plant machine utilization, factory size, manpower planning and implementing new technologies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Preparation of future managers: <\/u><\/strong>These methods substitute a means for improving the skills and knowledge of young managers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Modification of mathematical solution: <\/u><\/strong>Operations research presents a possible practical solution when one exists, but it is always a responsibility of the managers to accept or modify the solution before its use, The effect of these modifications may be evaluated from the computational steps and tables.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Alternative Solution: <\/u><\/strong>Operational research techniques will suggest all the alternative solutions available for the same profit so that the management may decide on the basis of the strategies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-heading\" id=\"areas-of-application\"><strong><u>Areas of application:<\/u><\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"900\" height=\"529\" src=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/image-2.png\" alt=\"INTRODUCTION TO OPERATIONS RESEARCH - AREAS OF OPERATIONS RESEARCH\" class=\"wp-image-6884\" srcset=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/image-2.png 900w, https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/image-2-300x176.png 300w, https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/image-2-768x451.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">INTRODUCTION TO OPERATIONS RESEARCH &#8211; AREAS OF OPERATIONS RESEARCH<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Finance, budgeting and investments:<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Cash flow analysis, long range capital requirements, investment portfolios, dividend policies etc.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Credit policies, credit risks and the delinquent account produces- claim and complaint procedures.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Break even analysis, capital budgeting, cost allocation and control and financial planning.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Establishing costs for by-products and developing standard costs.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>2. Purchasing, procurement and exploration:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Determining the quantity and timing of purchases of raw materials, machinery etc.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Rules for buying and supplying under varying prices.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Bidding policies.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Equipment replacement policies.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Determination of quantities and timings of purchase.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Strategies for exploration and exploitation of new material sources.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Vendor analysis<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Transportation planning<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>3. Production management:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A. <strong>Physical distribution:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Location and size of warehouse distribution centres, retail outlets etc.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Distribution policy.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>B. <strong>Manufacturing and facility planning:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Production scheduling and sequencing.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Project scheduling and allocation of resources.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Number and location of factories, warehouses, hospitals, and their sizes.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Determining the optimum product mix.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>C. <strong>Manufacturing:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Maintenance policies and preventive maintenance.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Maintenance of new sizes.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>4.&nbsp;Marketing management:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Product selection, timing, competitive actions.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Advertising strategy and choice of different media of advertising.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Number of salesmen, frequency of calling of accounts etc.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Effectiveness of market research.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Size and the stock to meet the future demand.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>5. Personnel management:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Recruitment policies and assignment of job.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Negotiation in bargaining situation.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Skills and wages balancing.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Wage\/ salary administration.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Designing organisation structure more effectively.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>6. Techniques and general management:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Decision support system and MIS (Management Information System) forecasting.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Making quality control more effective.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Project management and strategic planning.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>7. Government:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Economic planning, natural resource, social planning, and energy.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Urban and rural housing problems.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Military, police, pollution control etc.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>8. Research and development<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Determination of areas of concentration of research and development.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Reliability and evaluation of alternative designs.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Control of developed projects.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Coordination of multiple research projects.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Determination of time and cost requirements.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>CONCLUSION: <\/strong>Business managers face an endless list of complex business issues every day. They must make decisions about financing where to build a plant, how much of a product to manufacture, how many people to hire and so on. Often the factors that make up business\u2019s issues are complicated and they may be difficult to comprehend. Operations research is a way to deal with these theory problems.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<!--nextpage-->\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-post-title\">INTRODUCTION TO OPERATIONS RESEARCH &#8211; PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS GNDU<\/h2>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"operations-research-is-a-bunch-of-mathematical-techniques-aiming-to-solve-industrial-problems-elucidate\"><strong>\u201cOperations research is a bunch of mathematical techniques aiming to solve industrial problems.\u201d Elucidate.<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cOperations research is a bunch of mathematical techniques aiming to solve industrial problems.\u201d This statement shows the nature of the Operations research.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Operations research is that approach that uses various mathematical and scientific tools to solve the various problems like production planning and production management, finance, budgeting and investment decisions, personnel management decisions etc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-heading\" id=\"the-various-mathematical-techniques-are-as-follows\">The various mathematical techniques are as follows:<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"992\" height=\"550\" src=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/image-4.png\" alt=\"INTRODUCTION TO OPERATIONS RESEARCH - MATHEMATICAL TECHNIQUES OF OPERATIONS RESEARCH\" class=\"wp-image-6888\" srcset=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/image-4.png 992w, https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/image-4-300x166.png 300w, https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/image-4-768x426.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 992px) 100vw, 992px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">INTRODUCTION TO OPERATIONS RESEARCH &#8211; MATHEMATICAL TECHNIQUES OF OPERATIONS RESEARCH<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\" type=\"1\">\n<li><strong><u>Linear programming: <\/u><\/strong>Linear programming deals with the optimization (maximization or minimization) of a linear function called objective function, involving number of variables, subject to a set of linear equalities or inequalities called constraints and variables should be non-negative.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>Linear programming has its applicability in the field of agriculture, military, production management, financial management, marketing management, personnel management etc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>2. <strong><u>Queuing theory: <\/u><\/strong>This theory deals with the situations in which queue is formed. There are different types of situations in which queue is formed. Example: Customers waiting for service, machines waiting for landing stripes etc. This theory aims at minimising the overall cost due to serving and waiting. Queuing problems can be solved by using mathematical and simulation technique.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>3. Inventory control models: <\/u><\/strong>Inventory control models helps the managers to decide the reordering time and reordering level and optimal ordering quantity etc. Inventory planning answers two questions viz:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>How much to buy?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>When to buy?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>The approach is to prepare a model of the situation that expresses total inventory costs in terms of the demand, size of order, possible overstocking or understocking and other relevant factors and then to determine optimal order size, reorder level etc. using inventory control models.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>4. <strong><u>Network analysis: <\/u><\/strong>Network models are a very popular and widely used quantitative technique. This model helps the manager to plan, schedule, monitor and control large projects such as construction of building, making a ship or planning for a space flight. The network analysis helps the manager to determine total project completion time, probability that a project will be completed by a certain date, least cost by way of shortening total project completion time etc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Some common network analysis techniques are PERT (Programme evaluation and review technique and CPM (Critical Path Method)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>5. <strong><u>Replacement theory: <\/u><\/strong>The study of replacement is concerned with situation that arise when job performing units need replacement due to their deteriorating efficiency, failure or breakdown. Replacement theory helps in identifying the period when the replacement of job performing unit is most economical in terms of operating and depreciation etc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>6. <strong><u>Sequencing: <\/u><\/strong>A sequence may be defined as the order in which jobs are to be processes. The sequencing problem may be defined as to determine the optimum sequence of performing a number of jobs by number of available facilities according to some pre-assigned order so as to optimize the output in terms of profit, cost or time.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The sequencing problems arise at the number of situations eg:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u2018n\u2019 jobs to be processed on \u2018k\u2019 machines on manufacturing plant.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Customers arrive at the bank to get loans.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Aircrafts waiting for the landing and clearance.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Maintenance, scheduling in the factory.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>7. <strong><u>Assignment theory: <\/u><\/strong>The assignment problems deal in the allocation of \u2018n\u2019 resources to \u2018n\u2019 activities on one-to-one basis in such a manner that the resulting effectiveness is optimized.It is a special type of linear programming problem. Assignment theory is used when manager may like to know which job should be assigned to which person so that all jobs can be completed in the shortest possible time.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>8. Transportation problem: <\/u><\/strong>The transportation problems are special type of Linear programming problems in which objective is to transport various quantities of homogeneous products to different destinations in such a way that the total transportation cost is minimum. The transportation problems can be solved by the simplex method, but algorithms is laborious because it involves largen number of variables and constraints. However, MODI method and stepping stone method have been developed to solve transportation problems in much easy way.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>9. <strong><u>Game theory: <\/u><\/strong>Game theory is the body of knowledge which is concerned with the study of decision making in a situation where two or more rational opponents are involved under the condition of competition and conflicting interests. Game theory is the type of decision-making theory which is based on a type of reasoning in which the choice of action is determined after considering the possible alternatives available to the opponents playing the same game. The aim is to choose the best course of action because every player has got alternative course of action.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>10. <strong><u>Simulation: <\/u><\/strong>In many cases, the goals has been to determine optimal solution. All real-life problems cannot be states in mathematical form because of complexity i.e. Such situation can be tackled by simulations. Hence, simulation is a general technique that allows us to develop a dynamic model that acts like a real problem. Developing a good simulation model can be difficult but simulation allows us to solve problems that are difficult or impossible to solve other wise.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<!--nextpage-->\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-post-title\">INTRODUCTION TO OPERATIONS RESEARCH &#8211; PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS GNDU<\/h2>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"define-operations-research-its-features-and-limitations\"><strong>Define Operations research, its features and limitations?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><strong>OPERATIONS RESEARCH<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Operations research is the application of scientific method to problem arising from operation involving integrated system of men, machine and material. It normally utilises the knowledge and skills of an inter-disciplinary research team to provide the management of such system with optimum operating solution.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>ACCORDING TO HM WAGNER<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cOperations Research is a scientific approach to problem solving for execution management.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>ACCORDING TO THOMAS L SATTY<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cOperations research is the art of giving bad answers to problems to which, otherwise worst answers are given.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Thus, Operations research is the application of modern methods of mathematical science to complex problems involving management of large system of man, machines and money in industry, business, government and defence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-heading\" id=\"features-characteristics-nature-of-operations-research-4\"><strong>FEATURES\/ CHARACTERISTICS\/ NATURE OF OPERATIONS RESEARCH<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"901\" height=\"526\" src=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/image-6.png\" alt=\"INTRODUCTION TO OPERATIONS RESEARCH- FEATURES OF OPERATIONS RESEARCH\" class=\"wp-image-6891\" srcset=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/image-6.png 901w, https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/image-6-300x175.png 300w, https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/image-6-768x448.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 901px) 100vw, 901px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">INTRODUCTION TO OPERATIONS RESEARCH- FEATURES OF OPERATIONS RESEARCH<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>System Orientation: <\/strong>Operations research is a system oriented scientific approach. It studies the problem as a whole and provides the solution that is to be applied on whole system or organisation. But in real world, the one thing optimum for one department may not be optimum for another department. So while deriving at the solution, one must take into account all possible interactions of all the departments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Inter-disciplinary Team approach: <\/strong>According to Ackoff and Saieni \u201cOperations research is the application of scientific method by inter-disciplinary team\u2019s problems involving the control of organised system as to provide solutions which best serve the purpose of the organisation as a whole.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>So, Operations research is inter-disciplinary in approach. It requires the knowledge of allied discipline like statistics, engineering, economics, management, computer science and so on. Operations research\u2019s team brings the latest scientific know how to analyse the problems and helps in providing better results.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Scientific Approach: <\/strong>According to morse and Kimball, \u201cOperations Research is a scientific method of providing executive departments with a quantitative basis for decisions regarding the operations under their control.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>So, operations research is a proper scientific approach to solve the complex business problems. The scientific methods in Operations Research consists of three phases:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><em><u>Judgement Phase<\/u><\/em><u>: <\/u><\/strong>This phase consists of:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Determination of operations<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Establishment of objective and values related to the business.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Determination of the suitable measures of effectiveness.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Formulation of the problems relative to the objectives.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><em><u>Research Phase<\/u><\/em><\/strong><em><u>: <\/u><\/em>This phase utilises:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Operations and data collection for a better understanding of the problem.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Formulation of hypothesis and model.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Observation and experimentation to test the hypothesis of the available information and verification of the hypothesis using pre-established measure of effectiveness.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Prediction of various results from the hypothesis.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Generalisation of the various results and consideration of alternative methods.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><em><u>Action Phase: <\/u><\/em><\/strong>It consists of making recommendations for the decision process by those who first posed the problem for consideration or by anyone in a position to make a decision influencing the operation in which the problems occurred.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Decision Making: <\/strong>Operations Research is an optimal decision-making science which helps the management to make better decisions in time. Decision making can be improved and in fact the headache of management can be cured by using the scientific methods of the Operations research to take the decisions. The main features of all decisions are:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Objectives<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Alternatives<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Constraints<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>The objective should be clear and un-ambiguous. This helps to take proper decisions. Next, various possible alternatives should be studied along with the constraints imposed on each alternative. The scientific operation research methods helps to take best possible action.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Use of Computer: <\/strong>Operation research often requires a computer to solve the complex mathematical model or to perform large number of computations that are involved.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Use of a digital computer has become an integral part of the Operations Research approach to decision-making.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Objectives: <\/strong>The goals or objectives of the organisation provides a base to the future course of action. Operations research attempts to find out the best and optimal solution to the problem on the basis of the objectives set. The proper analysis of objectives helps in deciding the best alternatives.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Quantitative Solution: <\/strong>According to EL Arnoff and MJ Netzong, \u201c Operations Research is the systematic method oriented study of the basis structure, characteristics, functions and relationships of the organization decision making to provide the executive with sound, scientific and quantitative basis for decision making.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The above definition clearly states that the solutions derived by applying the Operations methods and techniques are quantitative in nature as all the techniques applied are mathematical.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Operations research attempts to provide a systematic and rational approach for quantitative solutions to the various managerial problems.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-heading\" id=\"limitations-of-operations-research\"><strong>LIMITATIONS OF OPERATIONS RESEARCH<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"662\" src=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/image-5-1024x662.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-6890\" srcset=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/image-5-1024x662.png 1024w, https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/image-5-300x194.png 300w, https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/image-5-768x497.png 768w, https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/image-5.png 1042w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">INTRODUCTION TO OPERATIONS RESEARCH- LIMITATIONS OF OPERATIONS RESEARCH<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\" type=\"1\">\n<li><strong><u>Magnitude of computations: <\/u><\/strong>The aim of Operations research is to find out optimal solution taking into consideration all the factors. In this modern world, these factors are enormous and expressing them in the quantitative model and establishing relationships among these requires voluminous calculations which can be handled only by machines.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Non-quantifiable factors: <\/u><\/strong>When all the factors related to a problem can be quantifiable only then Operations research provides solution otherwise not. The non-quantifiable factors are not incorporated in Operation research models importantly. OR models do not take into account emotional factors or qualitative factors.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Distance between Operations research specialist and manager: <\/u><\/strong>Operations research\u2019s job needs a mathematician or statistician who might not be aware of the business problems. Similarly, a manager is unable to understand the complex nature of the operations research. Thus there is big gap between the two personnel.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Expensive: <\/u><\/strong>Operations research is very costly. This is because operations research makes mathematical models for taking decision and solving problems, The company has to make various models for solving different problems. All this increases the cost.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Implementation: <\/u><\/strong>Once the decision&nbsp; has been taken, it should be implemented. The implementation of decisions is a delicate task. This task must be taken into account the complexities of human relations and behaviour and in sometimes only the psychological factors.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Selection of technique: <\/u><\/strong>Operations research techniques are very useful but they cannot be used indiscriminately choice of technique depends upon the nature of the problem, operating conditions, assumptions, and objectives etc. thus, identification and use of appropriate technique is essential.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Not a substitute of management: <\/u><\/strong>OR only provides the tolls and cannot be a substitute of management. It only examines the results of alternative course of action and final decision is made by management within the authority and judgement.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Sub-Optimisation: <\/u><\/strong>Sub-optimisation is deciding in respect of relatively narrow aspect of the whole business situation or optimisation of sub-section of the whole. Functional heads, sometimes without taking care of wider implications, sub-optimise their functions. This may cause loss in that part of the organisation which is left out of the exercise and as such should be avoided.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Non-realistic: <\/u><\/strong>Operations research experts make very complex models for solving the problems. These models may not be realistic. Hence, they may not be useful for real life situations.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons is-layout-flex wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link wp-element-button\" href=\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/kajal-mahajan-7549b2197\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">CONNECT ON LINKEDIN<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<!--nextpage-->\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-post-title\">INTRODUCTION TO OPERATIONS RESEARCH &#8211; PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS GNDU<\/h2>\n\n\n<p>introduction to operations research notes in image form.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-gallery has-nested-images columns-default is-cropped wp-block-gallery-1 is-layout-flex wp-block-gallery-is-layout-flex\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\" data-id=\"6896\" src=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Slide1-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"INTRODUCTION TO OPERATIONS RESEARCH - FEATURES OF OPERATIONS RESEARCH\" class=\"wp-image-6896\" srcset=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Slide1-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Slide1-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Slide1-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Slide1.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">INTRODUCTION TO OPERATIONS RESEARCH &#8211; FEATURES OF OPERATIONS RESEARCH<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\" data-id=\"6897\" src=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Slide2-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"INTRODUCTION TO OPERATIONS RESEARCH - FEATURES OF OPERATIONS RESEARCH\" class=\"wp-image-6897\" srcset=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Slide2-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Slide2-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Slide2-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Slide2.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">INTRODUCTION TO OPERATIONS RESEARCH &#8211; FEATURES OF OPERATIONS RESEARCH<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\" data-id=\"6901\" src=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Slide3-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"INTRODUCTION TO OPERATIONS RESEARCH - FEATURES OF OPERATIONS RESEARCH\" class=\"wp-image-6901\" srcset=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Slide3-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Slide3-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Slide3-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Slide3.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">INTRODUCTION TO OPERATIONS RESEARCH &#8211; FEATURES OF OPERATIONS RESEARCH<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\" data-id=\"6903\" src=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Slide4-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"INTRODUCTION TO OPERATIONS RESEARCH - FEATURES OF OPERATIONS RESEARCH\" class=\"wp-image-6903\" srcset=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Slide4-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Slide4-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Slide4-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Slide4.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">INTRODUCTION TO OPERATIONS RESEARCH &#8211; FEATURES OF OPERATIONS RESEARCH<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\" data-id=\"6899\" src=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Slide5-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"INTRODUCTION TO OPERATIONS RESEARCH - METHODOLOGY OF OPERATIONS RESEARCH\" class=\"wp-image-6899\" srcset=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Slide5-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Slide5-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Slide5-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Slide5.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">INTRODUCTION TO OPERATIONS RESEARCH &#8211; METHODOLOGY OF OPERATIONS RESEARCH<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\" data-id=\"6895\" src=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Slide6-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"INTRODUCTION TO OPERATIONS RESEARCH - SCOPE OF OPERATIONS RESEARCH\" class=\"wp-image-6895\" srcset=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Slide6-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Slide6-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Slide6-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Slide6.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">INTRODUCTION TO OPERATIONS RESEARCH &#8211; SCOPE OF OPERATIONS RESEARCH<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\" data-id=\"6893\" src=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Slide7-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"INTRODUCTION TO OPERATIONS RESEARCH - SCOPE OF OPERATIONS RESEARCH\" class=\"wp-image-6893\" srcset=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Slide7-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Slide7-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Slide7-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Slide7.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">INTRODUCTION TO OPERATIONS RESEARCH &#8211; SCOPE OF OPERATIONS RESEARCH<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\" data-id=\"6892\" src=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Slide8-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"INTRODUCTION TO OPERATIONS RESEARCH - SCOPE OF OPERATIONS RESEARCH\" class=\"wp-image-6892\" srcset=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Slide8-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Slide8-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Slide8-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Slide8.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">INTRODUCTION TO OPERATIONS RESEARCH &#8211; SCOPE OF OPERATIONS RESEARCH<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\" data-id=\"6894\" src=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Slide9-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"INTRODUCTION TO OPERATIONS RESEARCH - SCOPE OF OPERATIONS RESEARCH\" class=\"wp-image-6894\" srcset=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Slide9-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Slide9-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Slide9-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Slide9.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">INTRODUCTION TO OPERATIONS RESEARCH &#8211; SCOPE OF OPERATIONS RESEARCH<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\" data-id=\"6907\" src=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Slide10-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"INTRODUCTION TO OPERATIONS RESEARCH - IMPORTANCE OF OPERATIONS RESEARCH\" class=\"wp-image-6907\" srcset=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Slide10-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Slide10-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Slide10-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Slide10.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">INTRODUCTION TO OPERATIONS RESEARCH &#8211; IMPORTANCE OF OPERATIONS RESEARCH<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\" data-id=\"6905\" src=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Slide11-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"INTRODUCTION TO OPERATIONS RESEARCH - IMPORTANCE OF OPERATIONS RESEARCH\" class=\"wp-image-6905\" srcset=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Slide11-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Slide11-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Slide11-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Slide11.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">INTRODUCTION TO OPERATIONS RESEARCH &#8211; IMPORTANCE OF OPERATIONS RESEARCH<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\" data-id=\"6902\" src=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Slide12-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"INTRODUCTION TO OPERATIONS RESEARCH - MATHEMATICAL TECHNIQUES OF OPERATIONS RESEARCH\" class=\"wp-image-6902\" srcset=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Slide12-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Slide12-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Slide12-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Slide12.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">INTRODUCTION TO OPERATIONS RESEARCH &#8211; MATHEMATICAL TECHNIQUES OF OPERATIONS RESEARCH<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\" data-id=\"6904\" src=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Slide13-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"INTRODUCTION TO OPERATIONS RESEARCH - MATHEMATICAL TECHNIQUES OF OPERATIONS RESEARCH\" class=\"wp-image-6904\" srcset=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Slide13-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Slide13-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Slide13-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Slide13.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">INTRODUCTION TO OPERATIONS RESEARCH &#8211; MATHEMATICAL TECHNIQUES OF OPERATIONS RESEARCH<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\" data-id=\"6898\" src=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Slide14-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"INTRODUCTION TO OPERATIONS RESEARCH - MATHEMATICAL TECHNIQUES OF OPERATIONS RESEARCH\" class=\"wp-image-6898\" srcset=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Slide14-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Slide14-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Slide14-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Slide14.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">INTRODUCTION TO OPERATIONS RESEARCH &#8211; MATHEMATICAL TECHNIQUES OF OPERATIONS RESEARCH<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\" data-id=\"6900\" src=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Slide15-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"INTRODUCTION TO OPERATIONS RESEARCH - MATHEMATICAL TECHNIQUES OF OPERATIONS RESEARCH\" class=\"wp-image-6900\" srcset=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Slide15-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Slide15-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Slide15-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Slide15.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">INTRODUCTION TO OPERATIONS RESEARCH &#8211; MATHEMATICAL TECHNIQUES OF OPERATIONS RESEARCH<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\" data-id=\"6908\" src=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Slide16-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"INTRODUCTION TO OPERATIONS RESEARCH - LIMITATIONS OF OPERATIONS RESEARCH\" class=\"wp-image-6908\" srcset=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Slide16-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Slide16-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Slide16-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Slide16.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">INTRODUCTION TO OPERATIONS RESEARCH &#8211; LIMITATIONS OF OPERATIONS RESEARCH<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\" data-id=\"6906\" src=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Slide17-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"INTRODUCTION TO OPERATIONS RESEARCH - LIMITATIONS OF OPERATIONS RESEARCH\" class=\"wp-image-6906\" srcset=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Slide17-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Slide17-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Slide17-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Slide17.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">INTRODUCTION TO OPERATIONS RESEARCH &#8211; LIMITATIONS OF OPERATIONS RESEARCH<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>GET MORE NOTES HERE : <a href=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/category\/operations-research\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">OPERATIONS RESEARCH NOTES<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>INTRODUCTION TO OPERATIONS RESEARCH &#8211; PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS GNDU Define Operations Research? Describe the characteristics and limitations. OPERATIONS RESEARCH Operations research is the application of scientific method to problem arising from operation involving integrated system of men, machine and material. It normally utilises the knowledge and skills of an inter-disciplinary research team to provide the&#8230;<\/p>\n<p class=\"more-link-wrap\"><a href=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/introduction-to-operations-research\/\" class=\"more-link\">Read More<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> &ldquo;INTRODUCTION TO OPERATIONS RESEARCH &#8211; PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS GNDU&rdquo;<\/span> &raquo;<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":5481,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[253],"tags":[493,494,497,499,496,501,492,498,500],"class_list":["post-6878","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-university-student-notes-for-exams","tag-definitions-of-operations-research","tag-features-of-operations-research","tag-importance-of-operations-research","tag-limitations-of-operations-research","tag-mathematical-techniques-of-operations-research","tag-methodology-of-operations-research","tag-operations-research","tag-role-of-operations-research","tag-scope-of-operations-research"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6878","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=6878"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6878\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/5481"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=6878"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=6878"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=6878"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}