{"id":59,"date":"2019-04-07T00:37:24","date_gmt":"2019-04-07T00:37:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/?p=59"},"modified":"2019-04-07T00:37:24","modified_gmt":"2019-04-07T00:37:24","slug":"essentials-of-valid-offer","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/essentials-of-valid-offer\/","title":{"rendered":"ESSENTIALS OF VALID OFFER"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_65 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title \" >Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/essentials-of-valid-offer\/#ESSENTIALS_OF_VALID_OFFER\" title=\"ESSENTIALS OF VALID OFFER\">ESSENTIALS OF VALID OFFER<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/essentials-of-valid-offer\/#According_to_Section_28_of_the_Indian_Contract_Act_1872\" title=\"According to Section 28 of the Indian Contract Act, 1872 \">According to Section 28 of the Indian Contract Act, 1872 <\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/essentials-of-valid-offer\/#According_to_Section_2c_of_Indian_Contract_Act_1872\" title=\"According\nto Section 2(c) of Indian Contract Act, 1872\">According\nto Section 2(c) of Indian Contract Act, 1872<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/essentials-of-valid-offer\/#ESSENTIALS_OF_VALID_OFFER_OR_PROPOSAL\" title=\"ESSENTIALS OF VALID OFFER OR PROPOSAL\">ESSENTIALS OF VALID OFFER OR PROPOSAL<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/essentials-of-valid-offer\/#Offer_or_proposal_must_be_capable_of_creating_legal_relationship\" title=\"Offer or proposal must be capable of creating legal relationship \">Offer or proposal must be capable of creating legal relationship <\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/essentials-of-valid-offer\/#Offer_or_proposal_must_be_definite_and_certain\" title=\"Offer or proposal must be definite and certain \">Offer or proposal must be definite and certain <\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/essentials-of-valid-offer\/#An_offer_or_a_proposal_must_be_communicated_to_the_offeree\" title=\"An offer or a proposal must be communicated to the offeree \">An offer or a proposal must be communicated to the offeree <\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/essentials-of-valid-offer\/#Offer_or_proposal_must_be_made_with_a_view_to_obtaining_the_assent_of_the_other_party\" title=\"Offer or proposal must be made with a view to obtaining the assent of the other party \">Offer or proposal must be made with a view to obtaining the assent of the other party <\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/essentials-of-valid-offer\/#An_offer_or_a_proposal_may_be_conditional\" title=\"An offer or a proposal may be conditional \">An offer or a proposal may be conditional <\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/essentials-of-valid-offer\/#An_offer_or_a_proposal_should_not_contain_such_term_the_non_compliance_of_which_would_amount_to_acceptance\" title=\"An offer or a proposal should not contain such term the non compliance of which would amount to acceptance. \">An offer or a proposal should not contain such term the non compliance of which would amount to acceptance. <\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/essentials-of-valid-offer\/#An_offer_or_a_proposal_must_be_distinguished_from_declaration_of_intention\" title=\"An offer or a proposal must be distinguished from declaration of intention \">An offer or a proposal must be distinguished from declaration of intention <\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/essentials-of-valid-offer\/#An_invitation_to_offer_is_not_an_offer\" title=\"An invitation to offer&nbsp;is not an offer \">An invitation to offer&nbsp;is not an offer <\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/essentials-of-valid-offer\/#Offer_or_proposal_may_be_expressed_or_implied\" title=\"Offer or proposal may be expressed or implied \">Offer or proposal may be expressed or implied <\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/essentials-of-valid-offer\/#Lapse_of_an_offer_or_proposal\" title=\"Lapse of an offer or proposal \">Lapse of an offer or proposal <\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-15\" href=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/essentials-of-valid-offer\/#Two_identical_cross_offers_do_not_make_a_contract\" title=\"Two identical cross offers do not make a contract\">Two identical cross offers do not make a contract<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"essentials-of-valid-offer\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"ESSENTIALS_OF_VALID_OFFER\"><\/span>ESSENTIALS OF VALID OFFER<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>WHAT IS OFFER?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The term offer is also known as proposal. It is the starting point in the formation of a contract.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"259\" height=\"194\" src=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/images-50.jpg\" alt=\"ESSENTIALS OF VALID OFFER\" class=\"wp-image-5295\"\/><figcaption>ESSENTIALS OF VALID OFFER<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"according-to-section-28-of-the-indian-contract-act-1872\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"According_to_Section_28_of_the_Indian_Contract_Act_1872\"><\/span><strong>According to Section 28 of the <a href=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/indian-contract-act-1872\/\">Indian Contract Act, 1872 <\/a><\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-style-default is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p>\u201cWhen one person signifies to another his willingness to do or abstain from doing anything with a view to obtaining the assent of that other to such act or abstinence, he is said to make a proposal.\u201d<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>It means that an offer or a proposal is an expression of will or intention of the parties to the contract. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"according-to-section-2-c-of-indian-contract-act-1872\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"According_to_Section_2c_of_Indian_Contract_Act_1872\"><\/span><strong>According\nto Section 2(c) of Indian Contract Act, 1872<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-style-default is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p>\u201cThe person who makes an offer is known as Proposer or Offeror or Promisor and the person to whom the proposal or offer is made is known as of the Proposee, Promisee or Offeree. <\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color has-text-color has-background has-medium-font-size\"><strong>EXAMPLE<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A offers to sell his motorcycle to B for \u20b9 3,000. B agrees to pay \u20b9 3,000 to A for the motorcycle. In this, A is the Offeror or Promisor and B is the Offeree or Promisee.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"essentials-of-valid-offer-or-proposal\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"ESSENTIALS_OF_VALID_OFFER_OR_PROPOSAL\"><\/span><strong>ESSENTIALS OF VALID OFFER OR PROPOSAL<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"275\" height=\"183\" src=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/images-47.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-5296\"\/><figcaption>ESSENTIALS OF VALID OFFER<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>The various rules regarding valid offer or the essentials of valid offer are as follows: <\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"offer-or-proposal-must-be-capable-of-creating-legal-relationship\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Offer_or_proposal_must_be_capable_of_creating_legal_relationship\"><\/span><strong><em>Offer or proposal must be capable of creating legal relationship <\/em><\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>If the offer does not intend to give rise to the legal consequences, it is not a valid offer in the eyes of the law. The social offers or social engagements does not become a valid contract.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color has-text-color has-background has-medium-font-size\"><strong>CASE: BALFOUR VS<em>. <\/em>BALFOUR<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A husband was serving in the Ceylon. He promised orally to his wife, who was living in England, to pay an allowance of $30 per month to her. The husband did not pay the money and the wife filed suit against the husband. It was held that the agreement between them was just a family arrangement and they never intend to create legal relationship. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"offer-or-proposal-must-be-definite-and-certain\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Offer_or_proposal_must_be_definite_and_certain\"><\/span><strong><em>Offer or proposal must be definite and certain <\/em><\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>An offer must be definite and certain. An indefinite or vague offer cannot be accepted as the courts in such cases cannot tell what the parties are to do. The intention of the party must be very clear as to what they intend to do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color has-text-color has-background has-medium-font-size\"><strong>CASE:\nTAYLOR VS. PORTINGTON<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A agreed to take 2\nhouses on rent for 3 years at the rent of $85 per annum provided the house was\nput into thorough repair and the drawing rooms were decorated according to the \u201cPresent\nStyle\u201d. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cPresent Style\u201d is a vague term as this term would have different meanings to different parties. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Thus, the agreement was declared void as the terms of offer were vague and uncertain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"an-offer-or-a-proposal-must-be-communicated-to-the-offeree\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"An_offer_or_a_proposal_must_be_communicated_to_the_offeree\"><\/span><strong><em>An offer or a proposal must be communicated to the offeree <\/em><\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>An offer must be communicated to the person to whom the same is addressed. Communication of offer is important to conclude an agreement because acceptance can be given only if one knows about the offer. This rule applies to both \u2018specific\u2019 and \u2018general\u2019 offer. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>An offer made to a definite person or body of persons is called <strong>specific offer<\/strong>. It must be accepted by that specific person or party only. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The offer made to the public as a whole is called <strong>general offer. <\/strong>It can be accepted by anyone from the public.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Section 4 of the Indian Contract Act, 1872<\/strong> states that communication of an object is complete when it comes to the knowledge of the person to whom it is made. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color has-text-color has-background has-medium-font-size\"><strong>CASE: LALMAN SHUKLA VS. GAURI DUTT<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The nephew of the defendant Gauri was missing. He sent\nhis servant Lalman to find him out. After the servant had left, he announced a\nreward of \u20b951 for anybody who would trace his\nnephew. The plaintiff traced the nephew before having knowledge of the reward\nannounced by the defendant. Subsequently, the plaintiff claimed the reward when\nhe came to know about it. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Held that plantiff could not recover the reward as the\noffer containing the reward was not communicated to him.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"offer-or-proposal-must-be-made-with-a-view-to-obtaining-the-assent-of-the-other-party\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Offer_or_proposal_must_be_made_with_a_view_to_obtaining_the_assent_of_the_other_party\"><\/span><strong><em>Offer or proposal must be made with a view to obtaining the assent of the other party <\/em><\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The offer must be made with an intention to obtain the assent of the other party. The offer made as a prank or a joke is not a valid offer and therefore if accepted, it cannot amount to a valid contract. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color has-text-color has-background has-medium-font-size\"><strong>CASE: HARRY VS. NICKERSON<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>N advertised in the newspaper to affect sale of his goods\non a particular day at a particular place. H travelled a long distance to bid\nfor the things. On arrival, he found that the sale was cancelled. He sued N for\nthe breach of the contract. It was held that advertisement was merely\nexpression of an intention and not an offer which could be accepted by\ntravelling to the place of intended sale. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color has-text-color has-background has-medium-font-size\"><strong>EXAMPLE<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>If B jokingly offers M to sell his scooter at \u20b910 and M knowing that B is not serious, accepts the offer, such acceptance does not hold any value as the offer made jokingly is not valid. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"an-offer-or-a-proposal-may-be-conditional\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"An_offer_or_a_proposal_may_be_conditional\"><\/span><strong><em>An offer or a proposal may be conditional <\/em><\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>An offer can be made subject\nto the condition. In that, it can be accepted only subject to that condition. If\nthe conditions are clearly expressed or written and these have been made known\nto the offeree, then he is bound to fulfill these conditions. Conditional offer\nlapses when the conditions are not fulfilled. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color has-text-color has-background has-medium-font-size\"><strong>CASE: THOMPSON V. L M. AND S. RAILWAY\n1930<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>T, who could not read, took an excursion ticket on the railway. On the front of the ticket was printed \u201cfor conditions see back\u2019. One of the conditions was that the railway company would not be liable for personal injuries to the passengers. T was injured by a railway accident. Held T was bound by the conditions and could not recover any damages. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color has-text-color has-background has-medium-font-size\"><strong>CASE: MACKILLICAN V. CAMPAGNIE DE MESSAGERIES MARITIMES DE FRANCE<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A plaintiff purchased a ticket from a railway company. It was printed on the front of the ticket &#8221; for conditions see back&#8221;, but he never cared to read the conditions as these were given in the French language which X could not read. It was held that there was no excuse for the plaintiff that the conditions were in French language because he had sufficient notice as to the conditions and this was his duty to make himself acquainted with them.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"an-offer-or-a-proposal-should-not-contain-such-term-the-non-compliance-of-which-would-amount-to-acceptance\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"An_offer_or_a_proposal_should_not_contain_such_term_the_non_compliance_of_which_would_amount_to_acceptance\"><\/span><strong><em>An offer or a proposal should not contain such term the non compliance of which would amount to acceptance. <\/em><\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The offeror cannot\nsay that if the offeree does not communicate acceptance by a certain time, the\noffer would have been deemed to be accepted. The burden of the communication of\nrejection of offer cannot be imposed on the offeree. if offeree sent no reply,\nthere is no contract. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color has-text-color has-background has-medium-font-size\"><strong>EXAMPLE<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A writes to B \u201cI offer to sell my house for \u20b9 40,000. If I do not receive a reply by Monday next, I shall assume that you have accepted the offer\u201d. There will be no contract if B does not reply. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"280\" height=\"180\" src=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/images-48.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-5297\"\/><figcaption>ESSENTIALS OF VALID OFFER<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"an-offer-or-a-proposal-must-be-distinguished-from-declaration-of-intention\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"An_offer_or_a_proposal_must_be_distinguished_from_declaration_of_intention\"><\/span><strong><em>An offer or a proposal must be distinguished from declaration of intention <\/em><\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>A mere statement of\nintention is only an intention to give an offer. It only states that offer will\nbe made in future. The acceptance of statement of intention does not constitute\na contract. Whether a particular statement is offer or mere a statement of\nintention depends upon the circumstances of the case. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color has-text-color has-background has-medium-font-size\"><strong>CASE: FARINA VS. FICKUS<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A father brought to his would-be son-in-law that his\ndaughter would have a share of what he would leave, after the death of his\nwife. It was held that letter contains a statement of intention only.\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color has-text-color has-background has-medium-font-size\"><strong>CASE: HARVEY VS. FACEY<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>X telegraphed Y, &#8221; Will you sell us Bumper Hall Penn? Telegraph lowest cash price.&#8221; Y replied telegraphically, &#8221; Lowest price for Bumper Hall Penn $900&#8243;. X telegraphed, &#8221; We agree to buy Bumper Hall Penn for $900 asked by you. Please send us your title deeds in order that we may get early possession&#8221;. It was held that there was no offer made by Y. He never intended to sell the Bumper Hall Penn. It is mere an information about the lowest price.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"an-invitation-to-offer-is-not-an-offer\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"An_invitation_to_offer_is_not_an_offer\"><\/span><strong><em>An invitation to offer&nbsp;is not an offer <\/em><\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>An offer must be\ndistinguished from \u201cInvitation to an Offer.\u201d The offer should express his\nwillingness to do or abstain from doing something. But where a party proposes\ncertain terms on which he is willing to negotiate, he is not making an offer\nbut only inviting others to make an offer on those terms.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color has-text-color has-background has-medium-font-size\"><strong>CASE: HARRY VS. NICKERSON<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>N advertised in the newspaper to affect sale of his goods on a particular day at a particular place. H travelled a long distance to bid for the things. On arrival, he found that the sale was cancelled. He sued N for the breach of the contract. It was held that advertisement was merely expression of an intention and not an offer which could be accepted by travelling to the place of intended sale. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>An advertisement in a newspaper to sell certain goods is not an offer but it is an invitation to offer. &#8220;Such advertisements are offer to negotiate-offer to receive offer&#8221;. It is not the final expression of willingness by the advertiser, making him not bound by the terms of advertisement. The main purpose of the person who gives advertisement in the newspaper is to sell the certain article by inviting offers from the potential buyers and this does not constitute an offer.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Display of goods with the prices marked on the, quotations, catalogues and railway time table and auction sales etc. are the examples of Invitation to an offer. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"offer-or-proposal-may-be-expressed-or-implied\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Offer_or_proposal_may_be_expressed_or_implied\"><\/span><strong><em>Offer or proposal may be expressed or implied <\/em><\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The offeror can make\nan offer through words or even by his conduct. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>An offer made by words spoken or written is called <strong>Express offer.<\/strong> <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color has-text-color has-background has-medium-font-size\"><strong>EXAMPLE<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>X offers to sell his house to buy through a letter it is\nan Express offer<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>When a person makes an offer through his conduct, it is known as <strong>Implied offer.<\/strong> <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color has-text-color has-background has-medium-font-size\"><strong>EXAMPLE<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Where a person goes to doctor for treatment, his conduct\nimplies an offer that if the treatment is given, the offeree will pay the usual\ncharges.\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"lapse-of-an-offer-or-proposal\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Lapse_of_an_offer_or_proposal\"><\/span><strong><em>Lapse of an offer or proposal <\/em><\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>An offer can be lapsed if<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>Offeree dies before acceptance.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>It is not accepted within time specified.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>Offeree does not make the valid acceptance. <\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>There is lapse by revocation. <\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"two-identical-cross-offers-do-not-make-a-contract\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Two_identical_cross_offers_do_not_make_a_contract\"><\/span><strong><em>Two identical cross offers do not make a contract<\/em><\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Where two parties\nmake identical offers to each other, in ignorance of each other&#8217;s offer, the\noffers are known as cross offers. Cross offers do not constitute acceptance of\none\u2019s offer by the others and as such there is no completed agreement. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color has-text-color has-background has-medium-font-size\"><strong>EXAMPLE<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>H wrote to T offering to sell him 800 tons of iron at \u20b9 69 per ton. On the same day T wrote to H offering to buy 800 tons at \u20b9 69. Their letters crossed in the post. T contended that there was a good contract. Held there was no contract. As it was a cross offer.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>Also Study:&nbsp;<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Also Study:&nbsp;<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Also Study:&nbsp;<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Also Study:&nbsp;<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><a href=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/indian-contract-act-1872\/\">Indian contract act, 1872<\/a><\/td><td><a href=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/offer-or-proposal-its-valid-essentials\/\">Offer or proposal and its valid essentials<\/a><\/td><td><a href=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/important-kinds-of-offer-or-proposal\/\">Kinds of offer or proposal<\/a><\/td><td><a href=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/valid-essentials-of-acceptance\/\">Valid essentials of acceptance<\/a><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><a href=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/valid-consideration\/\">Valid Consideration<\/a><\/td><td><a href=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/revocation-of-offer-and-acceptance\/\">Revocation of offer and acceptance<\/a><\/td><td><a href=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/lapse-of-an-offer\/\">Lapse of an offer<\/a><\/td><td><a href=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/no-consideration-no-contract\/\">No consideration no contract<\/a><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><a href=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/stranger-to-contract\/\">Stranger to contract<\/a><\/td><td><a href=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/capacity-to-contract\/\">Capacity to contract<\/a><\/td><td><a href=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/free-consent-in-contract\/\">Free consent in Contract<\/a><\/td><td><a href=\"http:\/\/v\" target=\"_blank\">Coercion<\/a><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><a href=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/remedies-for-breach-of-contract\/\">Remedies of breach of contract<\/a><\/td><td><a href=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/undue-influence\/\">Undue Influence<\/a><\/td><td><a href=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/coercion-vs-undue-influence\/\">Coercion vs Undue Influence<\/a><\/td><td><a href=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/fraud\/\">Fraud<\/a><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><a href=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/misrepresentation\/\">Misrepresentation<\/a><\/td><td><a href=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/mistake-in-contract-law\/\">Mistake<\/a><\/td><td><a href=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/fraud-vs-misrepresentation\/\">Fraud vs misrepresentation<\/a><\/td><td><a href=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/discharge-of-contract\/\">Discharge of contract<\/a><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><a href=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/contract-of-indemnity\/\">Contract of Indemnity<\/a><\/td><td><a href=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/contract-of-guarantee-notes\/\">Contract of Guarantee Notes<\/a><\/td><td><a href=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/surety\/\">Surety under contract act<\/a><\/td><td><a href=\"http:\/\/v\" target=\"_blank\">Difference between Indemnity and guarantee<\/a><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><a href=\"http:\/\/v\" target=\"_blank\">Contract of bailment<\/a><\/td><td><a href=\"http:\/\/v\" target=\"_blank\">Contract of pledge<\/a><\/td><td><a href=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/difference-between-pledge-and-bailment\/\">Difference between Bailment and pledge<\/a><\/td><td><a href=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/consumer-protection-act-1986\/\">Consumer Protection Act 1986<\/a><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><a href=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/limited-liability-partnership\/\">Limited Liability partnership<\/a><\/td><td><a href=\"http:\/\/v\" target=\"_blank\">Difference between LLP and Partnership<\/a><\/td><td><a href=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/contract-of-agency\/\">Contract of agency<\/a><\/td><td><a href=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/contract-of-sale-of-goods\/\">Contract of sale of goods<\/a><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons is-layout-flex wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/kajal-mahajan-7549b2197\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">CONNECT ON LINKEDIN<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"255\" height=\"198\" src=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/download-2022-02-08T004827.532.jpg\" alt=\"ESSENTIALS OF VALID OFFER\" class=\"wp-image-5298\"\/><figcaption>ESSENTIALS OF VALID OFFER<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"512\" height=\"170\" src=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/cropped-Presentation-resize-1.jpg\" alt=\"ESSENTIALS OF VALID OFFER\" class=\"wp-image-829\" srcset=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/cropped-Presentation-resize-1.jpg 512w, https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/cropped-Presentation-resize-1-300x100.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 512px) 100vw, 512px\" \/><figcaption>ESSENTIALS OF VALID OFFER<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>ESSENTIALS OF VALID OFFER WHAT IS OFFER? The term offer is also known as proposal. It is the starting point in the formation of a contract. According to Section 28 of the Indian Contract Act, 1872 \u201cWhen one person signifies to another his willingness to do or abstain from doing anything with a view to&#8230;<\/p>\n<p class=\"more-link-wrap\"><a href=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/essentials-of-valid-offer\/\" class=\"more-link\">Read More<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> &ldquo;ESSENTIALS OF VALID OFFER&rdquo;<\/span> &raquo;<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":63,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[2],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/59"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=59"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/59\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/63"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=59"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=59"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=59"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}