{"id":5798,"date":"2022-07-18T17:30:40","date_gmt":"2022-07-18T17:30:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/?p=5798"},"modified":"2022-07-18T17:30:40","modified_gmt":"2022-07-18T17:30:40","slug":"final-accounts-of-sole-trader","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/final-accounts-of-sole-trader\/","title":{"rendered":"FINAL ACCOUNTS OF SOLE TRADER"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Final Accounts of Sole trader covers the topic of Preparation of Profit and loss account and Balance sheet.<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_69_1 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/final-accounts-of-sole-trader\/#QUESTION_Explain_the_Income_statement_under_Sole_Trader_Concept\" title=\"QUESTION: Explain the Income statement under Sole Trader Concept.\">QUESTION: Explain the Income statement under Sole Trader Concept.<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/final-accounts-of-sole-trader\/#FEATURES\" title=\"FEATURES\">FEATURES<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"QUESTION_Explain_the_Income_statement_under_Sole_Trader_Concept\"><\/span><strong>QUESTION: Explain the Income statement under Sole Trader Concept.<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Income statement of sole trader consists the preparation of Trading account and Profit and Loss account. Income statement shows how much the sole trader has earned the profit or has suffered the loss. Income statement of sole trader is prepared as follows:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-heading\">TRADING ACCOUNT<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">Trading Account is one of the financial statements prepared by the trading firms at the end of the year. These are prepared to find out the gross profit or gross loss accruing to the firm.&nbsp;This account&nbsp;records all the amounts related to the goods purchased and sold. It helps in providing all the material facts regarding the stock sold or remain unsold. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color has-background has-medium-font-size\"><strong>ACCORDING TO JR BATLIBOI<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">\u201cThe Trading Account shows the result of buying and selling of goods. In preparing this account, the general establishment charges are ignored and only the transactions in goods included.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"FEATURES\"><\/span>FEATURES<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">The features of this account are as follows:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\"><strong>NATURE OF ACCOUNT:<\/strong>&nbsp;It is a Nominal Account. It records all the expenses on purchases on the debit side and income in the nature of the sales on credit side. The <a aria-label=\"rule (opens in a new tab)\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/?s=golden+rules+of+accounting\" target=\"_blank\">rule<\/a> applies to this account is:<strong><br \/>\u201cDEBIT ALL EXPENSES AND LOSSES<br \/> CREDIT ALL INCOMES AND GAINS\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\"><strong><br \/>TIME OF PREPARATION:<\/strong>It is prepared at the end of the year i.e. as at 31st March, 20__. It is prepared at first before preparing Profit and Loss Account and Balance Sheet.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\"><strong>RESULT:<\/strong> This Account shows the result of Gross Profit or Gross Loss by comparing the both sides Debit and Credit. Increase of debit over credit results in Gross Loss and increase of credit over debit results in Gross Profit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p><strong>Debit&lt; Credit= Gross Profit <\/strong><\/p><p><strong>Debit&gt; Credit= Gross Loss <\/strong><\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\"><strong><br \/>ITEMS ON DEBIT SIDE<\/strong>: Trading Account records the Opening Stock, Net purchases and Direct Expenses on the debit side of the account. Opening Stock is the stock with the firm at the beginning of the year. Net purchases are the purchases less returns. Direct expenses are those expenses that are directly related to the Purchase, production or Factory. Direct Expenses includes Wages and Salaries, Carriage, Freight, Octroi Duty, Fuel and power, Motive power, Factory rent etc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\"><strong>ITEMS ON CREDIT SIDE:<\/strong> This Account records the Net sales and closing stock at the credit side of the account. Net sales are calculated by deducting the amount of returns from the sales. Closing stock is the stock remained with the firm at the end of the year. It may be called as unsold stock.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\"> <strong>BASIS OF PREPARATION:<\/strong> This Account becomes a base for preparation of Profit and Loss Account. This account is a part of Profit and Loss Account and prepared before it and the gross profit or gross loss resulting out of the trading profit becomes the base for preparation of profit and loss account or Income Statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\"><strong>DETERMINE COST OF GOODS SOLD: <\/strong>Trading Account helps in determining the cost of goods sold. It can be calculated as: <\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p><strong>COST OF GOODS SOLD= Opening Stock+ Net Purchases+ Direct Expenses- Closing Stock.<br \/>OR<br \/>COST OF GOODS SOLD= Net sales- Gross Profit.<\/strong><\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-heading\">FORMAT OF TRADING ACCOUNT<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"960\" height=\"720\" src=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/09\/Slide6.jpg\" alt=\"FINAL ACCOUNTS OF SOLE TRADER\" class=\"wp-image-2331\" srcset=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/09\/Slide6.jpg 960w, https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/09\/Slide6-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/09\/Slide6-768x576.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 960px) 100vw, 960px\" \/><figcaption>FINAL ACCOUNTS OF SOLE TRADER<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p><strong>*Net Purchases= Purchases- Return Outwards or Purchase Return<br \/>*Net Sales= Sales \u2013 Return Inwards or Sale Return<\/strong><\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-heading\">IMPORTANCE\/ ADVANTAGES OF TRADING ACCOUNT<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">The following are benefits or relevance  of trading account:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\"><strong>HELPS IN DETERMINING GROSS PROFIT OR GROSS LOSS<\/strong><br \/> Trading Account helps in determining Gross Profit or Gross Loss. It helps in finding out the two amounts by comparing the debit side with credit side. Increase of debit over credit results in Gross Loss and increase of credit over debit results in Gross Profit.<br \/> <\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p><strong>Debit&lt; Credit= Gross Profit <\/strong><\/p><p><strong>Debit&gt; Credit= Gross Loss <\/strong><\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\"><strong>HELPS IN DETERMINING THE TRADING PERFORMANCE <\/strong><br \/> Trading Account makes the records of the goods purchased and sold and also records the amount of goods unsold during the year. This helps in determining whether the company has performed better in selling goods or not i.e. the trading performance of the business.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\"><strong>HELPS IN CALCULATING THE COST OF GOODS SOLD<\/strong><br \/>It helps in determining the cost of goods sold. It can be calculated as:<br \/> <\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p><strong>COST OF GOODS SOLD= Opening Stock+ Net Purchases+ Direct Expenses- Closing Stock.<br \/> OR<br \/> COST OF GOODS SOLD= Net sales- Gross Profit.<\/strong><\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\"><strong>HELPS IN STUDYING THE TREND OF SALES<\/strong><br \/> The trading account prepared for the year is compared with the trading account of the previous year. This helps in studying about the trend of sales over a period of time. The increase in sales or decrease in sales is easily captured from the trading account.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\"><strong>HELPS IN COMPARISON<\/strong><br \/> The trading account allows the comparison of the unsold stock, amount of purchases, expenses on purchases, goods sold over a period of time. This comparison forms the basis of future planning.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\"><strong>HELPS IN CONTROLLING EXPENSES<\/strong><br \/> The trading account records all the expenses related to the purchase, production or factory. These expenses include Factory rent, wages and salaries, power and fuel, motive power, octroi duty, carriage on purchases etc. It becomes easy to keep an eye on the unnecessary expenses by preparing this account and to control the over expenditure.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\"><strong>HELPS IN FORECASTING FUTURE<\/strong><br \/> Trading Account gives the current view of the purchases, sales and unsold stock. By studying this, future targets can be set regarding <br \/> \u2022    Sales to be made<br \/> \u2022    Amount of goods to be purchased<br \/> \u2022    Minimum level of stock that must be maintained, etc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-heading\">PROFIT AND LOSS ACCOUNT<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">Profit and Loss Account is an account prepared by the trading organizations to know about the net profit or net loss of the firm. This account records all the incomes on credit side and expenses on debit side of a particular year. This account is prepared at the end of the year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color has-background has-medium-font-size\"><strong>ACCORDING TO RN CARTER<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">\u201cA profit and loss account is an account into which all gains and losses are collected. If the gains exceed the losses, the excess is the net profit, if the losses are greater than the gains the difference is the net loss.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color has-background has-medium-font-size\"><strong> ACCORDING TO JR BATLIBOI <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">\u201cThe function of the profit and loss account is to enable a trader to ascertain the net profit or net loss resulting from business transactions during a given period.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">This account is prepared after the preparation of Trading Account and starts with the balance i.e. Gross Profit or Gross Loss of Trading Account.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-heading\"> FEATURES OF PROFIT AND LOSS ACCOUNT<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\"> The following are the features this account:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\"><strong> NATURE OF ACCOUNT&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">It is a nominal account. All the expenses are recorded on the debit side and all the incomes are recorded on the credit side. The rule applies to this account is:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p><strong>\u201cDEBIT ALL EXPENSES AND LOSSES <br \/> CREDIT ALL INCOEMES AND GAINS\u201d<\/strong><\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\"><strong>PREPARED ON ACCRUAL BASIS<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">This account is prepared on the accrual basis. It means all the items relating to the current year are recorded in this account. This leads to adjustments of the accrued income, income received in advance, outstanding expenses, prepaid expenses. No item related to past or next year is recorded in this account.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\"><strong> ITEMS ON DEBIT SIDE<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">This account records all the expenses on the debit side. The items on the debit side are divided into 5 main heads:<br \/> \u2022    <strong>Office and Administrative expenses<\/strong>&#8211; office rent, rates and taxes, postage, salaries etc.<br \/> \u2022    <strong>Financial Expenses<\/strong>&#8211; discount allowed, bank charges, interest on loan, interest on capital etc.<br \/> \u2022    <strong>Repairs and Depreciation<\/strong>&#8211; Depreciation and Repairs.<br \/> \u2022    <strong>Selling and Distribution Expenses<\/strong>&#8211; Advertisement, travelling expenses, carriage outward, commission etc.<br \/> \u2022    <strong>Losses and General Expenses<\/strong>&#8211;  Loss on sale of fixed assets, general expenses, charity, trade expenses etc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\"><strong>ITEMS ON CREDIT SIDE<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">This account records all the incomes of the current year on the credit side like discount received, commission received, dividend received, apprentice premium, miscellaneous receipts etc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\"><strong> TIME OF PREPARATION<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">It is prepared at the end of the year i.e. as at 31st March, 20__. It is prepared after preparing Profit and Loss Account and before preparing Balance Sheet.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\"><strong>RESULT<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">It shows the result of Net Profit or Net Loss by comparing the both sides Debit and Credit. Increase of debit over credit results in Net Loss and increase of credit over debit results in Net Profit. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p>Debit&lt; Credit= Net Profit <\/p><p>Debit&gt; Credit= Net Loss <\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\"><strong>BASIS OF PREPARATION<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">Profit and Loss Account is prepared on the basis of <a href=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/trading-account\/\">Trading Account<\/a> balance. The balance of trading account i.e. Gross Profit or Gross Loss serves as starting point of preparation of Profit and Loss Account.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-heading\"> FORMAT <\/h4>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"960\" height=\"720\" src=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/09\/Slide4.jpg\" alt=\"FINAL ACCOUNTS OF SOLE TRADER\" class=\"wp-image-2345\" srcset=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/09\/Slide4.jpg 960w, https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/09\/Slide4-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/09\/Slide4-768x576.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 960px) 100vw, 960px\" \/><figcaption>FINAL ACCOUNTS OF SOLE TRADER<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-heading\">IMPORTANCE\/ NEED\/ ADVANTAGES OF PROFIT AND LOSS ACCOUNT <\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\"><strong>KNOWLEDGE OF NET PROFIT\/LOSS<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">The profit and loss account is prepared to find out the true net profit or net loss of the firm for a current year. The net profit or net loss is transferred to the capital item in the balance sheet. Net profit is added to capital whereas the net loss is deducted out of the capital on the liabilities side of balance sheet.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\"><strong>COMPARISON OF PROFITS\/ TRENDS OF PROFITS <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">The account prepared for the current year is compared with the profit and loss account of the past years to find out the trend of the profit or losses incurred. The management analyses the trends of profits and plan accordingly for the future. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\"><strong>CONTROL OVER EXPENSES <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">This account also helps in comparing the expenses of the current year with the past years. The increase or decrease in particular kind of expenses can be ascertained and step will be taken to control the expenses of the firm.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\"><strong>PROVIDE PROFITABILITY POSITION OF THE CURRENT YEAR<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">As&nbsp;this account is prepared on the accrual basis and all the adjustments regarding accrued incomes, income received in advance, outstanding expenses and prepaid expenses are made in this account. So, this account shows a fair view of the profitability position of the current year. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\"><strong>FORECAST FUTURE PERFORMANCE <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">On the basis of the expenses, incomes, profits or losses disclosed of the current year, future performance can be forecasted easily. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\"><strong>HELPS IN DETERMINING TAX LIABILITY <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">The taxes are always charged on the amount of income or profits earned. The profit of the firms is ascertained by preparing this account. So this account helps in determining the tax liability of the firm.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\"><strong>HELPFUL IN PREPARATION OF BALANCE SHEET<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">The net profit or net loss disclosed by this account is posted to the balance sheet on the liabilities side. The net profit is added to the capital and net loss is deducted out of the capital. In this way, it helps in preparation of balance sheet.    <\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons is-layout-flex wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/kajal-mahajan-7549b2197\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">CONNECT ON LINKEDIN<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>Also Study<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Also Study<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Also Study<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Also Study<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><a href=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/accounting\/\"><strong>Accounting<\/strong><\/a><\/td><td><a href=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/non-profit-organisation\/\"><strong>Non profit organisation<\/strong><\/a><\/td><td><a href=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/depreciation\/\"><strong>Depreciation<\/strong><\/a><\/td><td><a href=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/liquidity-ratios-types\/\"><strong>Liquidity ratios<\/strong><\/a><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><a href=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/nature-of-accounting\/\"><strong>Nature of Accounting<\/strong><\/a><\/td><td><a href=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/receipt-and-payment-account-pdf\/\"><strong>Receipts and Payments Account<\/strong><\/a><\/td><td><a href=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/depreciation-accounting\/\"><strong>Depreciation Accounting<\/strong><\/a><\/td><td><a href=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/acid-test-ratio-formula\/\"><strong>Acid Test Ratio<\/strong><\/a><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><a href=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/benefits-of-accounting\/\"><strong>Benefits of Accounting<\/strong><\/a><\/td><td><a href=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/scope-of-accounting\/\"><strong>Scope of accounting<\/strong><\/a><\/td><td><a href=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/hire-purchase-accounting-notes-pdf\/\"><strong>Hire Purchase Accounting<\/strong><\/a><\/td><td><a href=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/cash-ratio\/\"><strong>Cash Ratio<\/strong><\/a><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><a href=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/difference-between-cost-accounting-and-financial-accounting\/\"><strong>Difference between cost accounting and financial accounting<\/strong><\/a><\/td><td><a href=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/difference-between-financial-accounting-management-accounting-and-cost-accounting\/\"><strong>Financial accounting, cost accounting and management accounting<\/strong><\/a><\/td><td><a href=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/difference-between-hire-purchase-and-instalment\/\"><strong>Difference between hire purchase and instalment system<\/strong><\/a><\/td><td><a href=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/financial-ratio-analysis\/\"><strong>Financial ratio analysis<\/strong><\/a><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><a href=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/difference-between-transaction-and-event\/\"><strong>Difference between transaction and event<\/strong><\/a><\/td><td><a href=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/transactions\/\"><strong>Transactions<\/strong><\/a><\/td><td><a href=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/users-of-accounting\/\"><strong>Users of Accounting<\/strong><\/a><\/td><td><a href=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/current-ratio-formula\/\"><strong>Ratio analysis<\/strong><\/a><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><a href=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/limitations-of-accounting-2\/\"><strong>Limitation of Accounting<\/strong><\/a><\/td><td><a href=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/capital-expenditure\/\"><strong>Capital Expenditure<\/strong><\/a><\/td><td><a href=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/instalment-system\/\"><strong>Instalment System<\/strong><\/a><\/td><td><a href=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/difference-between-consignment-and-sale\/\"><strong>Difference between consignment and sale<\/strong><\/a><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><a href=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/book-keeping\/\"><strong>Book Keeping<\/strong><\/a><\/td><td><a href=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/revenue-expenditure\/\"><strong>Revenue Expenditure<\/strong><\/a><\/td><td><a href=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/reserves-accounting\/\"><strong>Reserves Accounting<\/strong><\/a><\/td><td><a href=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/difference-between-normal-and-abnormal-loss\/\"><strong>Abnormal loss vs normal loss in consignment<\/strong><\/a><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><a href=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/accountancy\/\"><strong>Accountancy<\/strong><\/a><\/td><td><a href=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/difference-between-capital-expenditure-and-revenue-expenditure\/\"><strong>Difference between capital and revenue expenditure<\/strong><\/a><\/td><td><a href=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/reserves-accounting\/\"><strong>Provisions&nbsp;<\/strong><\/a><\/td><td><a href=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/treatment-of-loss-on-consignment\/\"><strong>Treatment of loss on consignment<\/strong><\/a><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><a href=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/accounting-is-an-art-or-science\/\"><strong>Accounting as science or an art<\/strong><\/a><\/td><td><a href=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/accounting-equation\/\"><strong>Accounting Equation<\/strong><\/a><\/td><td><a href=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/single-entry-system-in-accounting\/\"><strong>Single entry system<\/strong><\/a><\/td><td><a href=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/accounting-treatment-of-consignment\/\"><strong>Accounting treatment of consignment<\/strong><\/a><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><a href=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/accounting-is-an-art-or-science\/\"><strong>Book Keeping vs accounting<\/strong><\/a><\/td><td><a href=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/deferred-revenue-expenditure\/\"><strong>Deferred Revenue Expenditure<\/strong><\/a><\/td><td><a href=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/statement-of-affairs-and-balance-sheet-difference\/\"><strong>Difference between statement of affairs and balance sheet<\/strong><\/a><\/td><td><a href=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/difference-between-joint-venture-and-consignment\/\"><strong>Joint venture vs consignment<\/strong><\/a><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><a href=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/accounting-is-an-art-or-science\/\"><strong>Book keeping vs accountancy<\/strong><\/a><\/td><td><a href=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/capital-receipt\/\"><strong>Capital receipt<\/strong><\/a><\/td><td><a href=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/ifrs\/\"><strong>IFRS<\/strong><\/a><\/td><td><a href=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/departmental-accounting\/\"><strong>Departmental Accounting<\/strong><\/a><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><a href=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/accounting-is-an-art-or-science\/\"><strong>Accounting vs accountancy<\/strong><\/a><\/td><td><a href=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/revenue-receipt\/\"><strong>Revenue receipt<\/strong><\/a><\/td><td><a href=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/balance-sheet\/\"><strong>Balance Sheet<\/strong><\/a><\/td><td><a href=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/methods-of-departmental-accounting\/\"><strong>Methods of departmental accounting<\/strong><\/a><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><a href=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/basis-of-accounting\/\"><strong>Basis of Accounting<\/strong><\/a><\/td><td><a href=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/difference-between-capital-and-revenue-receipt\/\"><strong>Difference between capital and revenue receipt<\/strong><\/a><\/td><td><a href=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/profit-and-loss-account\/\"><strong>Profit and loss Account<\/strong><\/a><\/td><td><a href=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/allocation-of-expenses-in-departmental-accounting\/\"><strong>Allocation of expenses in departmental accounting<\/strong><\/a><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><a href=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/branches-of-accounting\/\"><strong>Branches of accounting<\/strong><\/a><\/td><td><a href=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/difference-between-accounting-concepts-and-conventions\/\"><strong>Difference between accounting concepts and conventions<\/strong><\/a><\/td><td><a href=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/trading-account\/\"><strong>Trading Account<\/strong><\/a><\/td><td><a href=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/inter-departmental-transfers\/\"><strong>Inter-departmental transfers<\/strong><\/a><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><a href=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/cash-and-mercantile-system-of-accounting\/\"><strong>Cash and mercantile system of accounting<\/strong><\/a><\/td><td><a href=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/accounting-standards\/\"><strong>Accounting Standards<\/strong><\/a><\/td><td><a href=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/voyage-account\/\"><strong>Voyage Account<\/strong><\/a><\/td><td><a href=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/different-types-of-branches\/\"><strong>Different types of branches<\/strong><\/a><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><a href=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/accounting-principles\/\"><strong>Accounting Principles<\/strong><\/a><\/td><td><a href=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/objectives-of-accounting\/\"><strong>Objectives of Accounting<\/strong><\/a><\/td><td><a href=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/accounting-for-incomplete-voyage\/\"><strong>Accounting for Incomplete Voyage<\/strong><\/a><\/td><td><a href=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/difference-between-departmental-and-branch-accounting\/\"><strong>Departmental vs Branch accounting<\/strong><\/a><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><a href=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/golden-rules-of-accounting\/\"><strong>Golden ru\nles of accounting<\/strong><\/a><\/td><td><a href=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/process-of-accounting\/\"><strong>Process of Accounting<\/strong><\/a><\/td><td><a href=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/joint-venture\/\"><strong>Joint venture<\/strong><\/a><\/td><td><a href=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/methods-of-branch-accounting\/\"><strong>Methods of branch accounting<\/strong><\/a><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><a href=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/double-entry-system-of-accounting\/\"><strong>Double entry system of book keeping<\/strong><\/a><\/td><td><a href=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/scope-of-accounting\/\"><strong>Scope of Accounting<\/strong><\/a><\/td><td><a href=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/difference-between-joint-venture-and-partnership\/\"><strong>Joint Venture Vs Partnership<\/strong><\/a><\/td><td><a href=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/incorporation-of-branch-trial-balance\/\"><strong>Incorporation of branch trial balance<\/strong><\/a><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><a href=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/difference-between-double-single-entry-system\/\"><strong>Double entry vs Single entry system<\/strong><\/a><\/td><td><a href=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/difference-between-accounting-concepts-and-conventions\/\"><strong>Accounting Concepts vs Accounting conventions<\/strong><\/a><\/td><td><a href=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/methods-of-recording-transactions-in-joint-venture\/\"><strong>Methods of recording transactions in Joint Venture<\/strong><\/a><\/td><td><a href=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/garner-vs-murray-rule\/\"><strong>Garner VS Murray Rule<\/strong><\/a><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><a href=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/history-of-accounting-pdf\/\"><strong>History of Accounting<\/strong><\/a><\/td><td><a href=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/difference-between-provisions-and-reserves\/\"><strong>Difference between provisions and reserves<\/strong><\/a><\/td><td><a href=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/consignment\/\"><strong>Consignment<\/strong><\/a><\/td><td><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Final Accounts of Sole trader covers the topic of Preparation of Profit and loss account and Balance sheet. QUESTION: Explain the Income statement under Sole Trader Concept. Income statement of sole trader consists the preparation of Trading account and Profit and Loss account. Income statement shows how much the sole trader has earned the profit&#8230;<\/p>\n<p class=\"more-link-wrap\"><a href=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/final-accounts-of-sole-trader\/\" class=\"more-link\">Read More<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> &ldquo;FINAL ACCOUNTS OF SOLE TRADER&rdquo;<\/span> &raquo;<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":5800,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"rank_math_lock_modified_date":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[253],"tags":[298,29,299],"class_list":["post-5798","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-university-student-notes-for-exams","tag-income-statement","tag-profit-and-loss-account","tag-trading-account"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5798"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5798"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5798\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/5800"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5798"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=5798"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=5798"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}