{"id":3214,"date":"2019-12-23T14:10:41","date_gmt":"2019-12-23T14:10:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/?p=3214"},"modified":"2019-12-23T14:10:41","modified_gmt":"2019-12-23T14:10:41","slug":"management-and-business-administration","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/management-and-business-administration\/","title":{"rendered":"MANAGEMENT AND BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_65 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title \" >Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/management-and-business-administration\/#MANAGEMENT_AND_BUSINESS_ADMINISTRATION\" title=\"MANAGEMENT AND BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION\">MANAGEMENT AND BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/management-and-business-administration\/#Management_and_Business_Administration_are_the_two_terms_that_are_used_interchangeably_and_synonymously\" title=\"Management and Business Administration are the two terms that are used interchangeably and synonymously.\">Management and Business Administration are the two terms that are used interchangeably and synonymously.<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/management-and-business-administration\/#DIFFERENCE_BETWEEN_MANAGEMENT_AND_BUSINESS_ADMINISTRATION\" title=\"DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MANAGEMENT AND BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION\">DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MANAGEMENT AND BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/management-and-business-administration\/#CONCLUSION\" title=\"CONCLUSION\">CONCLUSION<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h1 class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-heading\" id=\"management-and-business-administration\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"MANAGEMENT_AND_BUSINESS_ADMINISTRATION\"><\/span>MANAGEMENT AND BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"management-and-business-administration-are-the-two-terms-that-are-used-interchangeably-and-synonymously\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Management_and_Business_Administration_are_the_two_terms_that_are_used_interchangeably_and_synonymously\"><\/span>Management and Business Administration are the two terms that are used interchangeably and synonymously.<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Management<\/strong> refers to the art of getting things done through others.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Administration<\/strong> refers to the function of determining the corporate policy and supervising the overall functioning of the concern.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Various viewpoints discussed regarding these two terms are\nas follows:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION IS DIFFERENT FROM MANAGEMENT<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The classical thinkers like <strong>Oliver Sheldon, William Spriegal, Millward, Lansberg , Ordway Ted<\/strong> etc are of this opinion that the management and administration are two different things. As per this view, administration is a higher level activity where as the management is the lower level activity. Administration is concerned with determination of overall objectives and policies of an enterprise while management is concerned with planning, coordinating and controlling of the business activities for attaining the enterprise objectives.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color has-background\"><strong>ACCORDING TO OLIVER SHELDON<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cAdministration is the function in industry concerned with\nthe determination of the corporate policy, the coordination of finance,\nproduction and distribution, the settlement of the compass (structure) of the\norganization under the ultimate control of the business.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cManagement is the function in industry concerned with the\nexecution of policy within the limits set up by the administration and the\nemployment of the organization for the particular objects set before it.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color has-background\"><strong>ACCORDING TO WILLIAM R SPRIEGAL<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cAdministration is that phase of business enterprise that\nconcerns itself with the overall determination of institutional objectives and\nthe policies necessary to be followed in achieving those objectives.\nAdministration pre-determines the specific goals and lays down the broad areas\nwithin which these goals are to be attained. Administration us a determinative\nfunction, management on the other hand is an executive function which is\nprimarily concerned with the carrying out of the broad policies laid down by\nthe administration.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color has-background\"><strong>ACCORDING TO G.E. MILWARD<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cAdministration is primarily the process and the agency used\nto establish the object or purpose which an undertaking and its staff are to\nachieve, secondarily, administration has to plan and stabilize the broad lines\nof principles which will govern action. These broad lines are in their turn\nusually called policies. Management is the process and the agency through which\nthe execution of the policy is planned and supervised.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color has-background\"><strong>ACCORDING TO PROFESSOR DALTON E. MC. FARLAND<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cIn government agencies administration is preferred over\nmanagement, although in recent years, the term management has become widely\nused in government agencies. Another possible distinction refers to the levels\nof organization. In business, the term administration refers to the activities\nof the higher ups in the managerial ranks. Still another distinction related to\norganizational level is that administration refers to the determination of\nmajor aims and policies while management refers to the carrying out the\noperations designed to accomplish the aims and effectuate the policies. Here\nagain, this distinction is not widely followed, but it exists.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color has-background\"><strong>ACCORDING TO ORDWAY TEAD<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cAdministration is the process and agency which is\nresponsible for the determination of aims for which an organization and its\nmanagement are to strive, which establishes the broad policies under which they\nare to operate and which gives general oversight to the continuing\neffectiveness of the total operation in reaching the objectives sought.\nManagement is the process and agency which directs and guides the operations of\nan organization in the realizing of established aims.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color has-background\"><strong>ACCORDING TO LEFFING WELL AND ROBINSON<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Administration determines the policies upon which the\nenterprise is to be conducted while the function of management to carry out the\npolicies is laid down by the administrative group.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Thus, administration is a thinking function and management\nis a doing function. According to this concept, owners of the business enterprise\nreceive dividends in return for their capital contributed. Managers i.e. the\nmanagement people get salary for realizing the objectives laid down by\nadministrators i.e. the owners. Besides, the managers direct and control the\nsubordinates within the limits fixed by the administrators.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>MANAGEMENT INCLUDES ADMINISTRATION<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The approach that the management includes the function of administration is contributed by <strong>EFL Brech<\/strong>. This approach dives the management function into two categories:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>Administrative management<\/li><li>Operative management<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"504\" height=\"266\" src=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/image001.jpg\" alt=\"administrative and operative management\" class=\"wp-image-3215\" srcset=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/image001.jpg 504w, https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/image001-300x158.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 504px) 100vw, 504px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>The upper level management is usually called administrative management and the lower level is known as Operative management. As per this view, administration is subordinate to the management. The <strong>European school of thought <\/strong>considered administration as a part of management. <strong>Kimball and Kimball and Rickman<\/strong> were also of the same view.<br \/><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color has-background\"><strong>ACCORDING TO EFL BRECH<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cManagement s a social process entailing the\nresponsibilities for the effective and economical planning and the regulation\nof the operation of an enterprise, in the fulfillment of a given purpose or\ntask. Administration is a part of management which is concerned with the\ninstallation and carrying out of the procedures by which it is laid down and\ncommunicated and the process of activities regulated and checked against\nplans.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>MANAGEMENT AND BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION ARE THE ONE<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Management and Business Administration are one is the most practical and popular approach. This approach is the contribution of <strong>Henry Fayol, Peter F Drucker, George R Terry.<\/strong> They consider these two words as synonyms which are used interchangeably. Other management authors who support this view are <strong>Newman, Allen, Theo Haimann, Koontz and O Donnell.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color has-background\"><strong>ACCORDING TO HENRY FAYOL<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cAll undertakings require planning, organization, command,\ncoordination and control and in order to function properly, all must observe\nthe same general principles. We are no longer confronted with several\nadministrative sciences but with one which can be applied equally well to\npublic and private affairs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color has-background\"><strong>ACCORDING TO THEO HAIMANN<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cNo two separate sets of personnel are required, however, to\ndischarge administrative and managerial functions. Each manager performs both\nactivities and spends part of his time administrating and part of his time\nmanaging.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color has-background\"><strong>ACCORDING TO NEWMAN<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Management or administration is the guidance, leadership and\ncontrol of the efforts of a group of individuals towards some common goals.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The governance of non-business institutions like government, army etc. is generally called administration whereas the governance of the business enterprise is called management. As far as the performance of functions is concerned, both perform the same function of planning, organising, directing, coordinating and controlling.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/management-vs-administration-explanation.jpg\" alt=\"management and administration\" class=\"wp-image-3218\" srcset=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/management-vs-administration-explanation.jpg 600w, https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/management-vs-administration-explanation-300x150.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>As we upward, the importance of administration increases and\nas we move downward, the importance of management increases i.e. the content of\npolicy formulation is higher levels, it is lower at lower levels whereas\nexecution is otherwise.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-heading\" id=\"difference-between-management-and-business-administration\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"DIFFERENCE_BETWEEN_MANAGEMENT_AND_BUSINESS_ADMINISTRATION\"><\/span>DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MANAGEMENT AND BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>   BASIS OF DIFFERENCE   <\/strong><\/td><td><strong>   BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION   <\/strong><\/td><td><strong>   MANAGEMENT   <\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>   NATURE OF WORK   <\/strong><\/td><td>\n  It is primarily concerned with the determination of objectives and\n  broad policies.\n  <\/td><td>\n  It involves the implementation of plans and policies.\n  <\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>   ACTIVITY   <\/strong><\/td><td>\n  It is a thinking function.\n  <\/td><td>\n  It is a doing function.\n  <\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>   SCOPE   <\/strong><\/td><td>\n  It takes major decision and is a wider term than management.\n  <\/td><td>\n  It takes the decision within the framework of the administration.\n  <\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>   LEVEL OF AUTHORITY   <\/strong><\/td><td>\n  It is a top management function.\n  <\/td><td>\n  It is a lower level management function.\n  <\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>   STATUS   <\/strong><\/td><td>\n  It consists of the owners of an enterprise.\n  <\/td><td>\n  It consists of managerial personnel with specialized knowledge who\n  may be the employees.\n  <\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>   NATURE OF ORGANISATION   <\/strong><\/td><td>\n  Generally, it is used in relation to government, military,\n  educational and religious organizations.\n  <\/td><td>\n  It is used mainly in business firms which have economic motives.\n  <\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>   INFLUENCE   <\/strong><\/td><td>\n  Its decisions are generally influenced by external factors of\n  business environment such as social, political, legal, economic, Technological\n  and demographic environment etc.\n  <\/td><td>\n  Its decisions are influenced by internal factors such as values,\n  beliefs and opinions.\n  <\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>   MAIN FUNCTIONS   <\/strong><\/td><td>\n  Main functions of business administration are planning, organising\n  and staffing.\n  <\/td><td>\n  The main functions of management are direction, motivation and control.\n  <\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>   POSITION   <\/strong><\/td><td>\n  An administrator is the principal in the organization.\n  <\/td><td>\n  A manager acts as an agent of the business organization.\n  <\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>   KNOWLEDGE   <\/strong><\/td><td>\n  A good administration requires administrative ability more than the\n  technical ability.\n  <\/td><td>\n  A good manager requires technical ability more than the\n  administrative ability.\n  <\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>   POPULARITY   <\/strong><\/td><td>\n  It is commonly used in public and government sector.\n  <\/td><td>\n  It is mainly popular in business organization.\n  <\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>   DIRECTION OF HUMAN EFFORTS   <\/strong><\/td><td>\n  It is not actively involved in the direction of human efforts for the\n  implementation of the policies and plans.\n  <\/td><td>\n  It is mainly concerned with the direction of human efforts in the\n  execution of policies and plans.\n  <\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-heading\" id=\"conclusion\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"CONCLUSION\"><\/span>CONCLUSION<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The above discussion concludes that there is no separate staff to perform the functions of administration and management. All managers, regardless of their level perform the same functions. The higher up in the hierarchy, however, the more time will be spent in administrative activity and the less in management activity in the manager\u2019s daily routine. Administration is done at top level by deciding policies and execution is done at lower level which is management. It can be said that these are the two activities which are performed at different levels of management.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>ALSO STUDY:<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>ALSO STUDY:<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>ALSO STUDY:<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>ALSO STUDY:<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><a href=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/management\/\">Management<\/a><\/td><td><a href=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/objectives-of-management\/\">Objectives of management<\/a><\/td><td><a href=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/functions-of-management\/\">Functions of management<\/a><\/td><td><a href=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/process-of-management\/\">Process of management<\/a><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><a href=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/management-is-an-art\/\">Management as an art<\/a><\/td><td><a href=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/management-as-a-science\/\">Management as a science<\/a><\/td><td><a href=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/management-as-profession\/\">Management as a profession<\/a><\/td><td><a href=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/joint-stock-company\/\">Company<\/a><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><a href=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/incentive-plans\/\">Incentive plans<\/a><\/td><td><a href=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/14-principles-of-management-by-henri-fayol\/\">14 principles of management by Henry Fayol<\/a><\/td><td><a href=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/principles-of-scientific-management\/\">Principles of scientific management<\/a><\/td><td><a href=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/scientific-management\/\">Scientific management<\/a><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><a href=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/what-is-work-study\/\">Work study<\/a><\/td><td><a href=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/time-study\/\">Time study<\/a><\/td><td><a href=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/motion-study\/\">Motion study<\/a><\/td><td><a href=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/method-study\/\">Method study<\/a><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><a href=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/planning\/\">Planning<\/a><\/td><td><a href=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/importance-of-planning-in-management\/\">Importance of planning in management<\/a><\/td><td><a href=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/benefits-of-planning-in-business\/\">Advantages of planning in business<\/a><\/td><td><a href=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/process-of-planning\/\">Process of planning<\/a><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><a href=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/types-of-planning-in-business\/\">Types of planning in business<\/a><\/td><td><a href=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/setting-objectives-in-management\/\">Setting objectives in management<\/a><\/td><td><a href=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/objectives\/\">Objectives<\/a><\/td><td><a href=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/smart-test\/\">SMART test<\/a><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><a href=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/management-by-objectives\/\">Management by objectives<\/a><\/td><td><a href=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/policies-in-business\/\">Policies in Business<\/a><\/td><td><a href=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/management-and-business-administration\/\">Management and business administration<\/a><\/td><td><a href=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/functional-areas-of-management\/\">Functional areas of management<\/a><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><a href=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/limited-liability-partnership\/\">Limited Liability partnership<\/a><\/td><td><a href=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/difference-between-llp-and-company\/\">LLP Vs company<\/a><\/td><td><a href=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/difference-between-llp-and-partnership\/\">LLP vs Partnership<\/a><\/td><td><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons is-layout-flex wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/kajal-mahajan-7549b2197\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">CONNECT ON LINKEDIN<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"512\" height=\"152\" src=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/cropped-cropped-Presentation-resize-1.jpg\" alt=\"MANAGEMENT AND BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION\" class=\"wp-image-4836\" srcset=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/cropped-cropped-Presentation-resize-1.jpg 512w, https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/cropped-cropped-Presentation-resize-1-300x89.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 512px) 100vw, 512px\" \/><figcaption>MANAGEMENT AND BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>MANAGEMENT AND BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION Management and Business Administration are the two terms that are used interchangeably and synonymously. Management refers to the art of getting things done through others. Administration refers to the function of determining the corporate policy and supervising the overall functioning of the concern. Various viewpoints discussed regarding these two terms are&#8230;<\/p>\n<p class=\"more-link-wrap\"><a href=\"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/management-and-business-administration\/\" class=\"more-link\">Read More<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> &ldquo;MANAGEMENT AND BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION&rdquo;<\/span> &raquo;<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":3217,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[68,56],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3214"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3214"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3214\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/3217"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3214"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3214"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/commerceiets.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3214"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}