QUESTION: What do you mean by Leverages? What are the different kinds of leverages?
ANSWER:
LEVERAGE: Leverage refers to debt or to the borrowings of funds to finance the purchase of the company’s asset. It is used to measure the effect of increase or decrease of fixed cost on the earnings.
Leverage may be
ACCORDING TO THE JAMES HORNE: “Leverage can be defined as the employment of an asset or funds for which the firm pays a fixed cost or fixed return.”
TYPES OF LEVERAGE
The following are the types of leverages:
FINANCIAL LEVERAGE OR TRADING ON EQUITY
Financial leverage may be expressed when the residual net income (earnings after interest and taxes and preference dividend) varies not in proportion with operating profit. This leverage reveals the changes in the taxable income in comparison with the changes in the operations.
In other words, a major part is played by the interest on debt financing, interest on debentures, preference dividend in the entire capital structure of the firm.
The firm may be called as high levered if it has more use of debt and less levered if it has less use of the debt.
Types of financial leverage: The financial leverage are of two types:
Favourable financial leverage: When the EPS (earning per share) increases as an impact of debt financing in the corporate structure, it is called favourable leverage.
Unfavourable financial leverage: When the EPS (earnings per share) decreases as an impact of debt financing in the corporate capital structure, it is called unfavourable financial leverage.
DEGREE OF FINANCIAL LEVERAGE: The degree of financial leverage is the percentage change in taxable profit as a result of percentage change in the operating profit i.e. the ability of the firm to utilize financial charges in order to magnify the effect of changes in EBIT on EPS of the firm.
EPS= Earnings per share
EBIT= Earnings before interest and tax
DFL= Degree of financial leverage
Example: 10,000 equity shares @ ₹10 each= ₹1,00,000
10%; 500 debentures of ₹100 crores= ₹50,000
EBIT= 40,000; Find DFL
Answer: DFL= EBIT/ EBIT-I
= 40,000/ 40,000-5,000
= 40,000/ 35,000
= 1.14
Interest= 50,000*10%
TRADING ON EQUITY: Sometimes ‘financial leverage’ is called ‘Trading on equity’. This is a device by which the equity shareholders enjoy large amount of profit at the cost of other fixed interest-bearing securities.
The rate of dividend of the equity shares can substantially be increased by the issue of more debentures and preference shares with the fixed rate of interest and the dividend.
Example: Suppose, the total requirement of the capital of the company is ₹20,00,000 and the expected rate of return on the capital is 12%. If the entire capital consists of the equity shares only, there will be no Trading on equity, but will simply be a return @12% on ₹20,00,000 by way of the dividends.
Now, suppose the capital structure of the company is:
10% debentures= ₹8,00,000
85 Preference shares= ₹4,00,000
Rate of return= 12%
Profit= 20,00,000*12%= ₹2,40,000
| Profit | 2,40,000 |
| Less: Debentures Interest | (80,000) |
| Less: Preference dividend | (32,000) |
| 1,28,000 |
Balance available for equity dividend= ₹1,28,000
Percentage of return on equity capital= (1,28,000/ 8,00,000) *100= 16%
So by the issue of the debentures and preference shares, trading on equity is possible and as a result the rate of equity dividend increased from 12% to 16%.
EFFECT OF FINANCIAL LEVERAGE ON EPS
- EPS will increase if Return on Investment is more than the cost of the debt.
- EPS will decrease if the return on investment is less than the cost of the debt.
EFFECT OF FINANCIAL LEVERAGE ON FINANCIAL RISK
| High degree of financial leverage | Low degree of financial leverage | |
| Variability in shareholder’s earnings | Increases | Decreases |
| Probability of insolvency | Decreases | Increases |
OPERATING LEVERAGE
Operating leverage is the firm’s ability to use the fixed operating cost to magnify the effect of changes in sales on its earnings before interest and taxes.
When the change in the operating profit after charging fixed cost is greater than the percentage change in the sales, the occurrence is called the operating leverage.
Operating leverage arises due to presence of operating costs which can be categorised into three parts:
Fixed costs: It refers to the costs which do not change with the change in the production.
Variable costs: It refers to the cost which changes due to the change in the level of the production. The amount of expenditure increases with the increase in the level of the output and it decreases with the decrease in the level of output.
Semi-variable costs: These are the costs that are partly fixed and partly variable. These costs remain fixed up to a certain level and then starts increasing with the change in the level of the output.
Operating leverage is associated with the business risk.
Business or operating risk is the degree of the uncertainty that the firm has faced in meeting its fixed operating cost where there is variability of EBIT.
CALCULATION OF OPERATING LEVERAGE
Example: Let Selling price per unit = ₹30
Production and sales= 600 units.
Variable cost= ₹18 per unit
Fixed cost= ₹1,200
The operating leverage will be calculated as follows:
| Total sales (600@30) | 18,000 |
| Less: Variable cost (600*18) | (10,800) |
| Contribution | 7,200 |
| Less: fixed cost | (1,200) |
| Operating Profit or EBIT | 6,000 |
OPERATING LEVERAGE= Contribution/ Operating profit = 7,200/6,000= 1.2
DEGREE OF OPERATING LEVERAGE: The degree of operating leverage may be defined as the percentage change in profits resulting from percentage change in sales.
DOL= Percentage change in EBIT/ Percentage Change in Sales
The degree of operating leverage must be greater than 1.
Ideal DOL= (Percentage change in EBIT/Percentage change in sales)>1
Example: A firm at present has a sales of 500 units @ ₹10 per unit. Its variable cost is ₹7 per unit and fixed expenses are ₹800 per annum. The firm’s expected sales for next year will be 700 units. Compute degree of operating leverage.
| Present sales (500 units) | Expected sales (700 units) | |
| Sales @ 10 per unit | 5,000 | 7,000 |
| Less: Variable cost @ 7 per unit | (3,500) | (4,900) |
| Contribution | 1,500 | 2,100 |
| Less: fixed costs | (800) | (800) |
| Operating Profit | 700 | 1,300 |
Percentage Increase in EBIT= (Increase in EBIT/ Original EBIT)*100
=(600/700)*100
=85.71%
**** Increase in EBIT= 1300-700= 600
Percentage Increase in Sales= (Increase in sales/ Original sales)*100
=(2,000/5,000)*100
=40%
****Increase in sales= 7,000-5,000= 2,000
Degree of operating leverage= (Percentage change in EBIT/ Percentage change in Sales)
= 85.71/40
=2.14
IMPORTANCE OF OPERATING LEVERAGE
- It gives an idea about the impact of changes in sales on the operating income of the firm.
- High degree of operating leverage indicates increase in operating profit or EBIT.
- Higher operating leverage indicates increased number of sales required to reach break-even point.
- Proper analysis of operating leverage of a firm is useful to the finance manager.
- Higher fixed operating cost promotes higher operating leverage and operating risk.
COMBINED LEVERAGE
Operating leverage shows the operating risk and is measured by the percentage change in EBIT due to percentage change in sales.
The financial leverage shows the financial risk and is measured by the percentage change in EPS due to percentage change in EBIT. Both operating and financial leverages are closely concerned with ascertaining the firm’s ability to cover fixed costs and the combination of both is known as combined or total leverage.
The risk is associated with total leverage is known as total risk.
Combined Leverage= Operating Leverage* Financial Leverage
Combined Leverage= (C/ EBIT)*(EBIT/EBT)
Combined Leverage= C/ EBT or (Sales/Variable cost)/ (Sales- Variable cost- Fixed cost)
DEGREE OF COMBINED LEVERAGE
The degree of combined leverage measures the effect of a percentage change in sales on percentage change in EPS.
DCL= DOL*DFL
DCL= (Percentage change in EBIT/ Percentage change in sales)* (Percentage in EPS/ Percentage change in EBIT)
DCL= Percentage changer in EPS/ Percentage change in sales
Combined leverage may be:
IMPORTANCE OF COMBINED LEVERAGES
- It indicates the effect that changes in sales will have on EPS.
- It shows the combined effect of operating leverage and financial leverage.
- A combination of high operating leverage and high financial leverage is very risky situation.
- A combination of high OL and low FL indicates the situation of high risk.
- A combination of low OL and high FL indicates the situation of maximising return.
- A combination of low OL and low FL indicates that the firm losses profitable opportunities.